Pathoma: Congenital Defects Flashcards
Congenital heart defects are present in ________ of all live births.
1%
Ventricular septal defect is associated with _____________.
fetal alcohol syndrome
Describe the progression of VSD.
First blood flows from the left ventricle to the right ventricle and then to the pulmonary circuit; eventually, however, the pulmonary circuit becomes so high pressure that blood starts to flow back into the left ventricle and out to the body.
Eisenmanger syndrome presents with _____________.
polycythemia (because persistent hypoxia leads to increased EPO release), clubbing, and pulmonary edema
There are two types of atrial septal defects: ______________. Which one is associated with Down’s syndrome?
ostium primum and ostium secundum; primum
Why does atrial septal defect lead to splitting of the S2?
Because blood flows from the higher pressure left atrium to the lower pressure right atrium and thence to the right ventricle. The increased pressure in the right ventricle leads to delayed pulmonic valve closing.
What can cause patent ductus arteriosus?
Congenital rubella
What does the ductus arteriosus connect?
The aorta and the pulmonary artery
What treats patent ductus arteriosus?
Indomethacin, a PGE2 inhibitor
A boot-shaped heart on X-ray is suggestive of ____________.
tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot is largely determined by __________.
the degree of pulmonic valve stenosis; the other symptoms are VSD, right ventricle hypertrophy, and the aorta shunting blood out of the spot near the septal defect
Transposition of the great vessels results from ____________.
maternal diabetes
In coarctation of the aorta, the most common site of coarctation is ____________.
proximal to the PDA and distal to the branches of the aortic arch
Coarctation of the aorta can arise in adulthood, and it is often associated with ___________.
bicuspid aortic valves
Collateral flow in coarctation of the aorta leads to _________ on the ribs.
notching due to engorged intercostal arteries
