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Biology- module 6 > patterns of inheritance > Flashcards

patterns of inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

what are responsible for variation

A

mutations

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2
Q

what are mutations

A

random changes to the genetic code

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3
Q

when do mutations occur

A

constantly

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4
Q

what is variation essential for

A

natural selection and therefore evolution

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5
Q

what are the 2 ways variation can occur as a result of

A

environmental and genetic variation

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6
Q

what contributes to phenotype variation. give examples

A

gen and env factors-

chlorosis in plants and diet and etiolation in animals

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7
Q

what is chlorosis

A

when a plant has pale/yellow leaves

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8
Q

explain the effect of chlorosis on plants

A

cells x producing normal amount of chlorophyll

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9
Q

what does lack of chloro mean for a plant

A

not able to make food by photosynthesis

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10
Q

what do most plants which show chlorosis have

A

normal genes coding for chloro production

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11
Q

what is the change in the phenotype of plants showing chlorosis is caused by

A

environmental factors

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12
Q

examples of environmental factors which result in chlorosis

A

lack of light
mineral deficiences
viral infecctions

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13
Q

how does lack of light cause chlorosis

A

plants turn off their choro prod to conserve resources

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14
Q

how do mineral deficiencies cause chlorosis

A

e.g; lack of iron/Mg
needed as cofactor by some enz that make the chlorop mol
if absent in soil cx make chorop

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15
Q

how do virus infections cause chlorosis

A

viruses interfere w/ cell met

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16
Q

rel bw env and gen factors in leaf chlorosis

A

genetic factors likely to code for green leaves but env plays key role in final leaf appearance

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17
Q

phenotype

A

visible/ measurable, physical/ biochemical chara

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18
Q

continuous variation

A

chara that can take any value w/in a range, two extremes

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19
Q

what causes cont var

A

genetic and env factors

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20
Q

number of genes that influence cont var (genetic control)

A

polygenes- controlled by a number of genes

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21
Q

examples of cont variation

A

leaf SA
animal mass
skin colour

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22
Q

discontinuous variation

A

chara that can only appear in specific (discrete) values

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23
Q

cause of discon var

A

mostly genetic

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24
Q

n of genes that influence discon var (gen control)

A

one/ two

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25
Q

examples of discont var

A

blood group
albinism
round and wrinkled pea shape

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26
Q

what is used to display discont var

A

bar graphs

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27
Q

what is used to display cont var

A

normal distribution

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28
Q

polygenes

A

when chara det by 2/more genes at diff loci of chromosomes ,e.g; height

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29
Q

terms to describe an organism’s phenotype

A

homozygous (dom/rec)

heterozygous

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30
Q

what is the combination of genes det by

A

sexual reproduction involving meiosis and the random fusion of gametes at fertilisation

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31
Q

all indiv of same species have same_but not nec same_

A
  1. genes

2. alleles

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32
Q

how do geno and pheno det height of a child

A

geno may det that they have pot to grow up to 1.9m but final height infl greatly by diet- low Ca when young restrict bone dev, prev reaching max height pot

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33
Q

diet in animals as an example of phenotypic variation

A

obesity due to overfeeding and lack of exercise

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34
Q

etiolation in plants as an eg of pheno.var

A

.

35
Q

state diff bw homo and hetero genotype

A

.

36
Q

expl diff bw gno and pheno of oak tree

A

.

37
Q

locus of a gene

A

when an allele of a particular gene occurs in the same position on each of the homologous chromosomes

38
Q

state the difference bw continous and discontinous variation

A

.

39
Q

3 ways meiosis causes variation in living organisms

A

independent assortment
crossing over
reduction and fusion of gametes

40
Q

how genetic variation created

A

the versions of genes you inherit form your parents

41
Q

what influences the characteristics and individual will display

A

the individual mixture of alleles an organism inherits

42
Q

genotype

A

comb of alleles an org inherits for a chara- genetic makeup

43
Q

modifications

A

any changes the environment makes to a person’s phenotype, not inherited

44
Q

nondisjunction

A

failiure of homologous chromo/ sister chrimatids to sep porperly during cell division- trisomy 21

45
Q

how does sexual reproduction increase variation

A

random fertilisation, indep ass of chromo during mei and crossing over of gen mat during mei

46
Q

monogenetic inheritance

A

inheritence of a single gene

47
Q

mendel’s first law of segregation

A

when an organism forms gametes only one of the pair of alleles enters each gamete

48
Q

key steps when analysing a genetic cross

A

phenoype of both parents
genotype
gametes for each parent-circle
punnett square-label gametes on edges
state proportion of each genotype porduced amongst offsprin-%,:, out of
corresponding phenotype for each of the possible phenotypes

49
Q

true/ pure breeding

A

when org contain homozygous alleles

50
Q

what happens when true breeding individuals breed

A

form heterozygous offspring

51
Q

ways to express potential outcomes for genetic crosses

A

ratio
probability
percentage

52
Q

codominance

A

when 2 alleles pccur for a gene both of which are equally dominant, as a result both genes are expressed in phenotype

53
Q

multiple alleles

A

when genes have more than 2 versions

54
Q

give an example of a phenotype that is determined by a gene w/multiple alleles

A

blood group

55
Q

what does the immunoglobin gene code for

A

production of diff a.gens present o surface of RBCs

56
Q

sex chromosomes

A

23rd pair of chromosome different- females-XX males-XY

57
Q

X chromosome

A

large and contains many genes not inv in sexual dev

58
Q

Y chromosome

A

very small contains almost no genetic information but carries a gene that causes the embryo to dev as a male

59
Q

sex linked genes

A

some chara det by genes carried on sex chromo

60
Q

if a sex linked disorder is caused by a recessive allele carried on the x chromo will it be ml in males/females

A

males

61
Q

example of a sex linked disorder

A

haemophilia

62
Q

haemophilia

A

patients form blood clots very slowly due to abscence of potein blood clotting factor

63
Q

consequence of haemophilia

A

injury can result in prolonged bleeding, which if left untreated pot fatal

64
Q

what does it mean when a male inherits the recessive allele that codes for haemophilia

A

cannot have corresponding dominant allele on Y chromo so dev the condition

65
Q

carriers

A

ppl who are heterozygous for a gene

66
Q

do carriers of haemophila suffer from the disorder

A

no but may pass onto offspring- son who suffers from haemophilia

67
Q

what is showing inher of a sex linked cond the alleles are shown linked to

A

the sex chromosome they’re found on

68
Q

what is special about the phenotypes formed as a result of a gene which has codominant alleles

A

codomnant alleles are equally dominant

a heterozygous individual would display a phenotype caused by the expression of both alleles

69
Q

how many possible comibnations of alleles

A

16

70
Q

state the diff bw mono and dihybrid inheritance

A

1 Monogenetic inheritance is the study of the inheritance of one gene, whereas dihybrid inheritance is
the study of the inheritance of two genes

71
Q

reasons why offspring prod from a partic gen cross may diifer from the expected ratio

A

genes are linked- cannot be inherted independantly
smaple size to small-unlikely to produce exact ratio from small sample size due to random nature of each individual outcome, crossing over of chromo, ne allele comb created

72
Q

conditions of the hardy-winburg principle

A

There are no mutations.
The population is isolated, meaning there is no flow of alleles in or out of the population.
There is no selection of alleles, all alleles have an equal chance of being passed on to the next generation.
The population is large enough.
Mating in the population is random.

73
Q

p

A

frequency of homozygous dominant alleles

74
Q

q

A

frequency of homozygous recesive alleles

75
Q

2qp

A

heterozygous

76
Q

recessive

A

,

77
Q

dominant

A

,

78
Q

principles of artificial selection

A

.

79
Q

uses of artificial selection

A

.

80
Q

artificial selection

A

.

81
Q

ethical considerations surrounding the use of artificial selection

A

.

82
Q

example of artificial selection

A

selective breeding

83
Q

example of the use of artificial selection to ‘improve’ domestic species

A

dog breeding

Biology- module 6 (14 decks)

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