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NREMT® Paramedic > EMT-P (6) Special Populations > Pediatric Emergencies > Flashcards

Pediatric Emergencies Flashcards

Explore the Pediatric patient and the prehospital emergencies that exist

1
Q

What interaction is expected in a pediatric: Birth - 2 months?

A
  • Controls gaze
  • Turns head
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2
Q

What interaction is expected in a pediatric: 2-6 months?

A
  • Eye contact
  • Uses both hands
  • Rolls over
  • Sleep through night
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3
Q

What interaction is expected in a pediatric: 6-12 months?

A
  • Sits without support
  • Crawls
  • Puts things in mouth
  • Teething begins
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4
Q

What development is expected in a pediatric: Toddler?

A
  • Crawls/walks
  • Sensory developments
  • Runs, climbs
  • Balance
  • Fine motor Skills
  • Toilet training
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5
Q

What development is expected in a pediatric: Preschool?

A
  • Can understand directions
  • Normal Running/Walking
  • 20/20 Visions
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6
Q

What development is expected in a pediatric: School?

A

Can communicate efficiently

6 - 12 years old

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7
Q

What development is expected in a pediatric: Adolescence?

A

Issues of independence and sexuality

13 - 17 years

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8
Q

What are airway consideration for pediatrics?

A
  • Short necks
  • Airway smaller
  • Epiglottis is LONG and floppy
  • Keep nares clear <6 months old
  • Neck very soft and collapsible, don’t hyper-extended neck
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9
Q

Fill in the Blank

Narrowest portion of child’s airways is ____

A

Cricoid Cartilage

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10
Q

What is the approximate blood volume in a Pediatric?

A

70ml/kg

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11
Q

What causes Delayed Capillary Refill in shock?

A

Shunting of the vessels causes peripheral vasoconstriction

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12
Q

Adult vs. Pediatric

What considerations are present for the nervous system of a pediatric with trauma?

A
  • Brain and Spine not as protected
  • Less subarachnoid space = less cushion for the brain
  • Easier to damage head and spine
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13
Q

Adult vs. Pediatric

What considerations are present for the Musculoskeletal System in pediatrics?

A

Fractures are easier due to lack of ossification centers

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14
Q

Adult vs. Pediatric

What considerations are present for the chest and lungs of a pediatric?

A
  • Very thin chest wall
  • Ribs are more pliable
  • Easier to hear heart and lung sounds
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15
Q

Adult vs. Pediatric

What considerations are present for the skin in a pediatric patient?

A
  • Skin is thin and more elastic
  • More BSA ratio
  • Temperature isn’t regulated as well
  • Increased risk of hypothermia and severe burns
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16
Q

Adult vs. Pediatric

What considerations are present for the metabolic demands of a pediatric?

A
  • Less glycogen stores in the liver
  • Cover the head to manage heat loss
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17
Q

What is the Pediatric Assessment Triangle?

A
  • Work of breathing
  • Circulation of skin
  • Appearance
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18
Q

What is the pneumonic TICLS when assessing the appearance of a Pediatric?

A
  • Tone: muscle tone, ridged, or limp?
  • Interact: alert? How easily distracted? Grasp or reach?
  • Consolability: can be calmed by caregiver?
  • Look: fixed gaze or glass stare
  • Speech: strong cry? Age appropriate speech
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19
Q

What do you assess with Work of Breathing in the PAT?

A
  • Abnormal Airway Sounds: snoring, hoarse speech, strider, wheezing or grunting
  • Abnormal Positioning: sniffing positions, tripod, refusing to lie down
  • Retractions: supraclavicular, intercostal, substernal retractions, head bobbing
  • Flaring: flaring of nares on inspiration
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20
Q

What is grunting indicative of?

A

Partially closed epiglottis

Common in pneumonia

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21
Q

What is mottling indicative of?

A

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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22
Q

Define

Acrocyanosis

A

Blue hands or feet

23
Q

Define

Pallor

A

White or pale skin

24
Q

What is the Minimal Blood Pressure Formula in Infant and Child?

A

70 + Age(2) = Infant

80 + Age(2) = Child

25
Q

What is the most common cause of seizure in pediatrics?

A

Fever

26
Q

Treatment

Febrile Seizure

A
  • Tylenol 10-15mg/kg
  • Midazolam .1mg/kg
  • Ativan .1mg/kg
  • Fluids 20ml/kg
  • Check BGL
27
Q

Signs/Symptoms

Meningitis

A
  • Unchallenged Rigidity
  • Purpuric and Patechial coloration of the skins
  • AMS
28
Q

Define

Biliary Atresia

A

Excess bilirubin

Yellow skin

29
Q

What is Intussusception?

A

Telescoping of small intestine into itself

Common in 6mo - 6yr

30
Q

What is Meckel Diverticulum?

A

Malformation of small intestine causing pockets

31
Q

What is Pyloric Stenosis?

A

Pyloric sphincter become hypertrophied and presents with projectile vomiting

32
Q

Treatment

Hyperglycemia in pediatrics

A
  • Fluids
  • Insulin
33
Q

What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

A

Decreased cortisol production

34
Q

What is the Poison Control phone number?

A

1-800-222-1222

35
Q

List the Antidotes for:

Carbon Monoxide, Organophosphate, TCA, Opiates, Beta Blockers, Ca Channel Blockers, Benzo

A
  • Carbon Monoxide: Oxygen
  • Organophosphate: Atropine
  • Tricyclics AntiDepressants: Bicarbonate
  • Opiates: Naloxone
  • Beta Blockers: Glucagon
  • Ca channel blockers: Calcium
  • Benzodiazepines: Romazicon
36
Q

What is the Pediatric Assessment Triangle?

A
  • Appearance
  • Work of Breathing
  • Circulation to Skin
37
Q

What is the TICLS mnemonic when looking at Appearance in the PAT?

A
  • Tone: moving? muscle tone? limp? restless?
  • Interactiveness: How alert? Attention? Does child reach, grasp, or play? Uninterested?
  • Consolability: Can child be comforted? Is crying unrelieved?
  • Look/Gaze: Fixes their gaze? Just stares?
  • Speech/Cry: Cry strong? Weak? Is speech appropriate for age?
38
Q

What do you look for when assessing Work of Breathing in the PAT?

A
  • Abnormal airway sounds
  • Abnomral posturing
  • Retractions
  • Flaring
39
Q

What do you look for when assessing Circulation of skin in PAT?

A
  • Pallor
  • Mottling
  • Cyanosis
40
Q

List the steps to remove a Foreign Body Airway Obstruction

A
  1. Hold face down on forearm
  2. Support head and face with your hand
  3. Five back blows
  4. Switch child upright
  5. Five chest thrusts with two fingers
  6. Check airway
41
Q

Treatment

Unresponsive upper airway obstruction

A

Immediately begin CPR

Try to visualize with DL after compressions for removal with Magill Forceps

42
Q

Define

Croup

A

Viral infection of the upper airway

43
Q

List assessment findings for Croup

A
  • Age typically <5 yrs/old
  • Auscultation: Stridor
  • Bark Cough
  • Difficulty Breathing
44
Q

Treatment

Croup

A
  • Allow child to be comfortable and do not irritate
  • Racemic Epinephrine (2.25%) .5ml mixed in 3ml Normal Saline
45
Q

List assessment findings for Anaphylaxis

A
  • Mild: Urticaria, wheezing
  • Severe: wheezing, hypotension, diffuse edema, shortness of breath, tachycardia,
46
Q

Treatment

Anaphylaxis

A

Epinephrine:.01mg/kg IM 1:1,000 Max .3mg Q 5min

Diphenhydramine: 1-2mg/kg Max 50mg IV

Albuterol: 1.25mg Neb 6lpm O2

47
Q

Define

Epiglottitis

A

Bacterial infection of supraglottic structures

48
Q

List assessment findings for Epiglottitis

A
  • Sitting upright in sniffing position
  • Drooling
  • Stridor
  • Muffled Voice
49
Q

Treatment

Epiglottitis

A
  • Rapid Transport
  • Do NOT agitate the pt
  • Do NOT start an IV
  • Do NOT visualize the oropharynx

Consider: Nebulized Normal Saline

50
Q

Treatment

Asthma

A

Albuterol/Atrovent: 1.25mg / 250mcg

Epinephrine:.01mg/kg IM Max .3mg 1:1,000 Q 5min

51
Q

If a pediatric will not tolerate a NRB, how can you deliver oxygen if needed?

A

Blow-by Technique

52
Q

How often do you ventilate a pediatric patient?

A

1 breath every 3-5 seconds

53
Q

What is the Formula for minimum systolic BP in children > 1 yr?

A

(Age x 2) + 80

54
Q

What is the minimum systolic for an infant?

A

>70mmHg

EMT-P (6) Special Populations (5 decks)

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