Performance-Enhancing Substances (Chapter 16) + Connor Paper Flashcards
what does ergogenic mean ?
enhancing physical performance
what is an ergogenic drug ?
a drug that enhances physical performance
what is another word for ergogenic drug use ?
doping
what is the agency which controls performance-enhancing substances ? who created it
the World Anti-Doping Agency created by International Olympic Committee
what amount is considered a positive test for anabolic agents ?
any amount is considered a positive test
what was the main finding of the Connor paper ?
that their research does not show that Goldman’s dilemma is valid and a general concern anymore in these times since the subset of athletes willing to sacrifice their life and to dope is much smaller than previously thought
what are the 4 weaknesses of Goldman’s dilemma ?
1) no control group: no idea whether the general population would respond any differently
2) positive response bias in the question: outcome= Olympic gold vs death
3) question method: asked orally during practice. pen and paper method may be more helpful to overcome question sensitivity
4) generalisability over time and social contexts: political considerations + weak policy on doping (Cold War) of Goldman’s dilemma compared to now, may make the dilemma less reliable
what was Goldman’s original question ?
“whether they would take a drug that would guarantee them overwhelming success in sport, but cause them to die after five years”
how did Connor et al elaborate on the original question by Goldman ?
they investigated the effect of phrasing the question in different ways. 1- illegal-medal-death 2- illegal- death-medal 3- legal-medal-death 4-legal-death-medal 5-illegal-medal-no death
in the Connor et al study, how did the prevalence of “yes” answers compare in the general Australian population and in athletes ?
the same (around 1%) which is significantly less than what was reported by Goldman
how did the Connor results compare in the different manners the questions were phrased ?
original version 1%
legal-medal-death 6.1%
illegal-medal- no death 11.8%
what prevalence of “yes” answers did Goldman get ?
50%
what are the two ways in which the radical difference between Goldman and Connor’s results can be explained ?
1) significant impact of consequences and legality: now athletes more aware of consequences of drug misuse but also of legal status of drug use
2) social marketing of antidoping - moral stance on role of drugs in sport. drugs have been stigmatised.
what does Connor say about the order of presentation of the question ?
it is irrelevant
what is Connor’s main suggestion for the future ?
to establish a large scale online survey, with a broader cross-section of sports
who were the participants in Connor’s study ?
elite participants at track and field meet
what amount is considered a positive test for hormones?
levels have to be “above normal” to be considered positive
what are 5 hormones that are the most regulated by WADA?
erythropoetin growth hormones sex hormones insulin corticotropins
are beta-agonists allowed by WADA ?
no, all are prohibited except for a therapeutic use exemption
what hormone antagonists and modulators are prohibited by WADA (6)
aromatase inhibitors estrogen receptor modulators anti-estrogenic substances myostatin inhibitors peroxisome proliferator activated receptor AMP kinase agonists
how does aromatase inhibitor work ?
indirect androgen doping by estrogen blockade
why are diuretics prohibited by WADA ?
masking agent, increases excretion of prohibited drugs
why are plasma expanders prohibited by WADA ?
they artificially decrease the concentration of banned substances and/or hematocrit
which stimulants are allowed by WADA, but are part of a monitoring program to detect trends? (8)
BICNPPPS
imidazole for topical use bupropion caffeine nicotine phenylephrine phenylpropanolamine pipradol synephrine
