Perinatal Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 shunts present in the foetal circulation?

A

Ductus venosus
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus

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2
Q

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the foetus?

A

Umbilical vein via ductus venosus (liver) and IVC

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3
Q

Once oxygenated blood reaches the right atrium, where can it go?

A

To right ventricle and pulmonary artery
To left atrium via foramen ovale

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4
Q

Once oxygenated blood reaches the pulmonary artery, where can it go?

A

To lungs
To aorta via ductus arteriosus

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5
Q

List ways a foetus prepares for birth

A

Surfactant production
Accumulation of glycogen
Accumulation of brown fat

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6
Q

What does the ductus venosus become in circulatory transition?

A

Ligamentum teres (round ligament)

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7
Q

List some causes of failed cardiorespiratory adaptation in a newborn

A

Cold stress
Prematurity
Meconium aspiration
Hypoxia

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8
Q

What is persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn?

A

Resistance to lung blood flow remains high and foramen ovale persists, causing deoxygenated blood to flow to systemic circulation

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9
Q

Outline management of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

A

Ventilation
Oxygen
Nitric oxide (lung vasodilator)
Sedation
Ionotropes
Extra-corporeal life support (ECLS)

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10
Q

How do newborn babies thermoregulate?

A

Mobilise brown fat stores in response to catecholamines
Peripheral vasoconstriction

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11
Q

When is jaundice in a newborn physiological?

A

When it occurs from 2 days to 2 weeks
Anything before or after this is pathological

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12
Q

What is kernicterus?

A

Encephalopathy caused by unconjugated bilirubin crossing blood-brain barrier

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13
Q

What are the parameters for normal birthweight?

A

2.5-4 kg

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14
Q

Which hormones help perinatal adaptation?

A

Cortisol
Adrenaline

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15
Q

Why is vitamin K supplementation important for newborns?

A

Prevent haemolytic disease

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16
Q

Which vaccination is given at birth?

A

Hepatitis B

17
Q

List important features to examine on the neonatal head

A

Moulding
Overlapping sutures
Fontanelles (bulging/sunken)
Cephalohaematoma
Ventouse/forceps marks

18
Q

List important features to examine on the neonatal eyes

A

Red reflex (cataracts)
Size and position
Conjunctival haemorrhage
Squinting

19
Q

List important features to examine on the neonatal mouth

A

Philtrum
Tongue tie
Sucking/rooting reflexes

20
Q

List important features to examine on the neonatal genital system

A

Normal passage of urine
Undescended testes
Hypospadius
Normal genitalia