Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ANATOMYY2S2 > perineum > Flashcards

perineum Flashcards

(80 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are the degrees of the perineal tears?

A

1st degree —> involves slight tear to the superficial muscles only

2nd degree —> Extend to the deeper muscles of perineum, but anal sphincter is still INTACT

3rd degree —> tear reaches and involves the anal sphincter

4th degree —-> reaches and affects the rectum too

OCCURS IN 5-20% of women having vaginal birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what happens in cases of injury to the perineal body in vaginal delivery of episiotomy ?

A

Prolapse of pelvic organs :

urinary bladder, uterus, etc

Episiotomy : cut incision made through the area between the vaginal opening and anus facilitate childbirth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what happens in case of pelvic trauma region?

A

pelvic region crushed

along with the symphysis pubis and the urethra

then urethra ruptures and urine will go the COLLES FASCIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

recall colles fascia?

A

membranous layer of superficial fascia of the perineum

the fascia around the superficial perineal space

CONTINUEOUS WITH SCARPAS FASCIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the perineum??

A

diamond shaped region

located at the medial aspect of the upper thigh

Superomedial to the thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the anterior boundary of the perineum?

A

Pubic symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the anterolateral boundary of the perineum?

A

Ischiopubic rami

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the lateral boundary of the perineum?

A

ischial tuberosities ( bone structure we sit on )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the posterior boundary of perineum?

A

tip of coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the posterior lateral boundary of the perineum?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament

Extend from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the divisions of the perineum?

A

divided into 2 triangles

by an imaginary line at the ISCHIAL TUBEROSITIES

the 2 triangles :

Urogenital triangle ( ANTERIOR )

ANAL TRIANGLE ( POSTERIOR )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe the fascias

A

in the abdomen we have 2 layers of superficial fascia :

Superficial fatty layer ( CAMPER )

Deep membranous layer ( Scarpa )

Scarpa fascia is continuous with COLLES IN THE PERINEUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are spaces/pouches we have in the colle’s fascia?

A

Deep to the colles fascia we have :

Superficial perineal pouch and DEEP perineal pouch

Deeper to the deep one : PELVIC DIAPHRAGM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do we define demarcate these 2 triangles?

A

Separated by an imaginary lines passing through

AND BISECTING THE ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY ON EITHER SIDES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the deepest muscle that we can see in the triangles?

A

Levator ani

present both in triangles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the external genitalia structure of the female perineum ?

A

Vaginal opening

Above it —> Urethral opening

Clitoris –> 2 parts ( Prepuce and glans clitoris )

Mons pubis ( Fatty pad )

Labium minus ( Labia minora )—> Inner flaps/folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what forms the mons pubis?

A

merging of labia

2 labia majora on either side meet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

name the structures from below to above ( Posterior to anterior )

A

Vaginal opening ( MOST INFERIOR AND POSTERIOR )

Urethral opening

Glans clitoris ( small swelling )

Prepuce of clitoris ( small skin like flap ) ( its superior to the glans clitoris )

Mons pubis ( MERGING OF THE LABIA MAJORA, MOST SUPERIOR AND ANTERIOR )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the components of the male perineum ?

A

Penis :

Glans penis

Corona of the glans

Corpora cavernosum

Corpora spongiosum

Scrotum

scrotum + bulb and attachments of penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do you see deep the scrotum?

A

Root of the penis :

  • Bulb of penis, centrally located
  • Crus of the penis ( 2 , one of each side )

bulb and crus are not muscles but are made of erectile tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does the ischiocavernosus muscle cover?

A

Crus of the penis ( the sides )

Beginning of the corpus cavernosum ( sides as well )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the bulbospongiosus muscle cover?

A

bulb of the penis ( center part )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what forms the pelvic diaphragm?

A

levator ani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the layers removed during dissection?

A

Skin

Superficial fatty layer and deep membranous layer ( COLLES FASCIA / Superficial perineal fascia )

Superficial perineal pouch

Deep fascia of the perineum

Perineal membrane ( INFERIOR LAYER O UROGENITAL DIAPHRAGM )

Deep perineal pouch

Superior layer of the urogenital diaphragm ( inferior pelvic fascia / inferior layer of pelvic diaphragm )

Levator ani ( diaphragm )

Superior layer of pelvic diaphragm ( Superior pelvic fascia )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what does the deep fascia of the perineum encloses?
muscles in the superficial perineal pouch SO the deep fascia of the perineum needs to be removed first to access the muscles of the superficial perineal pouch
26
what does the superior layer of urogenital diaphragm / inferior pelvic fascia / inferior layer of pelvic diaphragm COVER?
pelvic diaphragm ( levator ani )
27
what does the perineal membrane separates ?
Superficial and deep perineal pouches
28
where is the superifical perineal pouch opened?
anteriorly but the rest is closed
29
where is the urogenital diaphragm seen?
Deep perineal pouch which is enclosed by the superior and inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm Superior urogenital diaphragm fascia = inferior pelvic fascia Inferior urogenital diaphragm fascia = Perineal membrane
30
why is it called inferior pelvic fascia?
because the pelvic diaphragm is above it
31
describe the continuousity of the colles fascia?
Colle's fascia is continuous with the SCARPA fascia in the abdomen extend downwards to be continuous with the fascia of the penis further inferiorly to be continuous with the dartos fascia of the scrotum
32
what covers the muscles in the superficial perineal pouch?
deep fascia of the perineum
33
what do you have to remove to access the muscles in the superficial perineal pouch?
Fatty layer membranous layer ( colle's fascia ) deep fascia of the perineum ( cuz it covers the muscles in the superficial pouch )
34
what are the layers of the superficial fascia of the perineum ?
Fatty layer Deep membranous layer ( colle's fascia / superficial perineal fascia ) Deep perineal fascia
35
why does the urine accumulates only in the superficial perineal pouch ?
the deep membranous layer ( colles ) folds after attaching to holdens line on the sides forming pocket in the anterior abdominal wall Since this splitting is at the level of the ASIS in cases of urethral rupture urine will accumulate only in the superficial perineal pouch ( scrotum and penis ) up to the junction between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis WHY NOT GO TO THE THIGH? CUZ HOLDENS LINE
36
what are the layers of the deep fascia?
Perineal membranes ( aka inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm ) Inferior pelvic fascia / Inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm / endopelvic fascia ( Superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm )
37
what are points to consider?
Colle's fascia is the inferior most --> aka SUPERFICIAL PERINEAL FASCIA Perineal membrane is called inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm is because it forms the floor of the deep perineal pouch we have to remove the deep fascia of perineum to access the muscle in the superficial perineal pouch
38
superficial perineal pouch is found between?
Colles fascia ( superficial perineum fascia ) ---> inferiorly ) and Deep perineum fascia and PERINEAL MEMBRANE ( Inferior urogenital diaphragm fascia ) ---> SUPERIORLY
39
deep perineal pouch is found between?
perineal membrane ( inferior urogenital diaphragm fascia ) and Inferior pelvic fascia/endopelvic fascia ( Superior urogenital diaphragm fascia )
40
what muscle is found in the deep perineal pouch?
deep transverse perineal muscle which forms the urogenital diaphragm
41
what is the floor of the superficial perineal pouch?
Colle's fascia / superficial perineal fascia ---> INFERIOR
42
what is the roof of the superficial perineal pouch?
Deep perineum fascia + PERINEAL MEMBRANE ( inferior urogenital )-----> SUPERIORLY
43
what is the lateral boundary of the superficial perineal pouch?
Pubic arch / ischiopubic rami
44
what forms the posterior boundary of the superficial perineal pouch?
Closed by the fusion of the colle's fascia and perineal membrane
45
what is the anterior boundary of the superficial perineal pouch?
it is open : Continuous upwards with : SCARPA'S FASCIA ( at the ASIS is where superficial layer arise ) Continuous downward with the penis fascia and dartos fascia of the scrotum LIMITED BY PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
46
what is the lateral attachment of the perineal membrane?
Periosteum of the ischiopubic rami like the superficial perineum pouch
47
what is the anteriorly/apex attachment of the perineal membrane?
arcuate pubic ligament / inferior pubic ligament between the pubic symphysis thickened to form TRANSVERSE PERINEAL LIGAMENT the perineal membrane is fully attached anteriorly BUT THE SUPERIFICAL PERINEAL POUCH AS OPENED
48
what is the posterior attachment of the perineal membrane?
Continuous and fuses with : Inferior pelvic fascia ( superior urogenital ) ---> SUPERIORLY Colle's fascia ---> inferiorly Attached to perineal body
49
what forms floor boundary of the deep perineal pouch?
Perineal membrane ( Inferior urogenital fascia )
50
what forms the roof boundary of the deep perineal pouch?
Inferior pelvic fascia ( Superior urogenital fascia )
51
what forms the lateral boundary of the deep perineal pouch?
pubic arch / ischiopubic rami
52
what forms the posterior boundary of the deep perineal pouch?
Fuses with the perineal membrane to pelvic fascia
53
what forms the anterior boundary of the deep perineal pouch?
fuses with the perineal membrane to pelvic fascia
54
what is the content of the superficial perineal pouch in males?
1- ROOT OF THE PENIS : Bulb Crus ( 2 crura ) 2- 3 MUSCLES : Bublospongiosus ( covers the bulb ) ---> closest to the ischiopubic ramus Ischiocavernosus ( covers the crus ) ---> located in the middle Superficial transversus perineal ( runs transversally ) 3- vessels and nerves : 2 scrotal nerves ( posterior scrotal/labial nerve) 2 scrotal vessels ( posterior scrotal/labial )
55
the muscles in the superficial perineal pouch run over what?
over the erectile tissue erectile tissue = bulb and crus = both form the root of the penis These muscles should be removed to see the erectile tissue
56
what is perineal body?
important fibromuscular point where multiple muscles insert
57
what inserts in the perineal body?
anal sphincter Deeper to it , levator ani also attaches Superficial transverse perineal muscle bublospongiosus muscles Deep to it, deep transverse perineal muscle in the deep perineal pouch also attach if the perineal body is torn all of these muscles can be affected , in episiotomy during childbirth, where small incision is made, cutting too deep may damage the perineal body and muscles attaches it
58
what is the blood supply of the superficial perineal pouch?
Internal pudendal artery
59
what does internal pudendal artery divide to?
Inferior rectal Dorsal artery of penis/ clitoris Perineal artery
60
what does the perineal artery divide into?
Muscular Posterior scrotal/labial So : Internal ---> perineal ---> scrotal
61
what is the nerve supply of superficial perineal pouch?
Same concept as the blood supply : Pudendal nerve : Inferior rectal Dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris Perineal : Muscular Posterior scrotal/labial
62
how does the pudendal nerve supply and enter the region?
Supply most of the muscles in the perineal region as well as the skin around it Passes through a canal known as : Pudendal canal and it is related to the piriformis muscle
63
describe the course of the pudendal nerve?
Enter the perineal region , gives off 3 main branches : First branch moves anteriorly and it is called the dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris Second branch moves posteriorly towards the rectum ( INFERIOR RECTAL NERVE ) Third branch supplies the perineal muscle and it is called PERINEAL NERVE---> give raise to muscular and posterior scrotal/labia
64
describe the course of muscular branch of perineal nerve?
Muscular branch of the perineal nerve enters the DEEP PERINEAL POUCH supplies the deep perineal muscle pierces the perineal membrane where it enters the superficial pouch and supply the muscle there HENCE THE PERINEAL NERVE IS CONTENT OF THE DEEP PERINEAL POUCH and THE POSTERIOR SCROTAL/LABIAL BRANCHES OF THE PERINEAL IS THE CONTENT OF THE SUPERIFICIAL PERINEAL POUCH
65
what is the venous drainage perineum?
Corresponding veins to the arteries
66
what is the content of the superficial perineal pouch in females?
1- Root of clitoris : Bulb of vestibule Crus ( 2 crura ) 2- 3 muscles : Bulbospongiosus ( cover the bulb ) Ischiocavernosus ( cover the crus ) Superficial transverse perineal 3- Gland : Greater vestibular 4- vessels and nerves : 2 labial nerves 2 labial vessels ( LABIAL INSTEAD OF SCROTUM)
67
compare the bulb in females and males?
the erectile tissue in females is : Highly vascular susceptible to disruption of vessels as the result of trauma ---> MORE PRONE TO VULVAR HEMATOMA IN LABIA MAJORA
68
what is the content of deep perineal pouch in males and females?
1- Urethra ( both females and males ) 2- Bulbourethral / cowper glands in males ( the duct opens in the urethra ) 3- Vagina in females 4- Muscles : Deep transverse perineal ( forms urogenital diaphragm ) in both sphincter urethrovaginalis and compressor urethra are extra in females ---> found anteriorly to the urethra ( these muscles also partake in forming urogenital diaphragm in females ) 5- Dorsal nerves of the penis / clitoris 6- Deep branches of the internal pudendal vessels + perineal nerve
69
where is sphincter urethrovaginalis located?
around the vagina and is attached to the urethra in females
70
where is compressor urethrae located?
around the urethra in females
71
what is perineal body?
fibromuscular tissue attached to the midline between the anal and urogenital triangles Larger in females Very important in the support of pelvic viscera particularly in the females
72
function of perineal body?
Attachment for : External anal sphincter ( superficial party ) ( inferiorly ) Bulbospongiosus ( anteriorly ) Superficial transverse perineal ( the sides ) Deep transverse perineal ( from the deep perineal pouch ) Levator ani ( puborectalis/ pubovaginalis ) ( inferiorly )
73
what is the significance of perineal body?
childbirth can lead to damage/stretching/tearing of the perineal body leading to prolapse of pelvic viscera maybe avoided by episiotomy Episiotomy : planned surgical incision during delivery made starting at the frenulum and extending postero laterally to avoid anal sphincters
74
what are 4 bones that form the diamond shape?
Pubic symphysis Ischial tuberosity ( on both sides ) coccyx
75
what is the name of the deep perineal /superficial investing fascia in penis ( GALLAUDETS )
deep fascia of the penis ( BUCKS )
76
what is the function of bulbospongiosus muscles?
Males : maintain erection Expel urine Expel semen FEMALES : Help reduce the vaginal vestibule
77
what is the innervation of bulbospongiosus ?
pudendal nerve
78
describe transverse perinei?
transversely arranged fibers extending BETWEEN : ischiopubic rami
79
what is the insertion of deep transverse muscles?
perineal body in females : Anterior fibers insert into the lateral wall of the vagina , supports pelvic viscera
80
what is the nerve supply of deep transverse perinei?
perineal branch of pudendal nerve

ANATOMYY2S2 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions