define personality
a complex set of psychological qualities that influence an individuals characteristic patterns of behaviour across different situations and over time.
What are the 3 underlying characteristics of personality?
- people differ
- behaviour is caused by internal factors
- guides and directs behaviour
What are the four basic humours associated with temperament and what do they mean?
Blood-cheerful active
Phlegm-apathetic sluggish
Black Bile-sad
Yellow Bile-irritable excitable
what are the 3 somatotypes?
Endomorph- relaxed sociable
Mesomorph- energy courage
Ectomorph- introverted artistic
what is a trait?
enduring qualities or attributes that predispose individuals to behave consistently across situations.
What are the big five universal traits?
Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
What is the advantage to personality theories?
describes peoples personalities
What is a disadvantage to personality theories?
don’t explain how behaviour generated or how personality develops. Only portrays a static view of personality.
what are all psychodynamic theories based off of?
the assumption that powerful inner forces shape personality and motivate behaviour.
what is all behaviour motivated by?
psychic energy
What do innate drives form?
tension systems
what are our 2 basic drives?
self preservation and eros
what are the 5 stages of psychosexual development?
mouth, anus, genitals, no specific area, genitals
what is psychic determinism?
assumption that all mental and behavioural reactions (symptoms) are determined by earlier experiences.
Define manifest content
thoughts and feelings in awareness
define latent content
concealed thoughts and memories.
What is the key aspect of humanistic theories?
self actualization
what are the levels in the hierarchy of needs?
physiological needs safety needs beloningness and love needs esteem needs self-actualization needs
explain the holistic theory
explains peoples individual acts in terms of their entire personalities
explain the dispositional theory
focus on innate qualities within a person that exert a major influence over the direction of behaviour
explain the phenomenological theory
emphasizes individuals frame of reference and subjective view of reality rather than an observer
define social intelligence
the expertise people bring to their experience of life tasks
what are the 3 self theories?
Self concept
self esteem
self handicapping
what is a personality inventory?
involves reading a series of statements and indicating whether each one is true or typical for himself.
what is a projective test?
when a person is given a series of stimuli that are purposely ambiguous that can be interpreted in many ways.