Personality Development & Disorders Flashcards
Freud’s Development Therory
- Believed that basic character was formed by 5 years of age.
- The structure of the personality organized three major components:
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
What are Freud’s stage of personality development?
- Oral stage (birth to 18 months)
- Anal stage (18 months to 3 years)
- Phallic stage (3 to 6 years)
- Latency stage (6 to 12 years)
- Genital stage (13 to 20 years)
What was Sullivan’s theory on development of personality.
- Based on the belief that individual behavior and personality development are the direct result of interpersonal relationships
- Major concepts of this theory include:
- Anxiety
- Satisfaction of needs
- Interpersonal security
- Self-system
What are Sullivan’s stages of development?
- Infancy (birth to 18 months)
- Childhood (18 months to 6 years)
- Juvenile (6 to 9 years)
- Preadolescence (9 to 12 years)
- Early adolescence (12 to 14 years)
- Late adolescence (14 to 21 years)
Infancy (Sullivan) Major Developmental Tasks?
Relief from anxiety through oral gratification of needs
Age: Birth - 18 months
- mouth
- crying
- nursing
- thumb sucking
What are the Childhood Stage (Sullivan) major developmental tasks?
- Age: 18 mo. -6 years
- Learning to experience a delay in personal gratification without undue anxiety
- delayed gratification often results in parental approval, a more lasting type of reward.
-
Tools of this stage include:
- the mouth,
- the anus,
- language,
- experimentation,
- manipulation,
- and identification.
Juvenile: 6 to 9 Years (Sullivan) major developmental tasks?
Learning to form satisfactory peer relationships. Achieved through use of:
- competition,
- coop- eration,
- and compromise.
Preadolescence: 9 to 12 Years (Sullivan) major developmental tasks?
Learning to form satisfactory relationships with persons of same gender; initiating feelings of affection for another person
Early Adolescence: 12 to 14 Years (Sullivan) major developmental tasks?
Learning to form satisfactory relationships with persons of the opposite gender; developing a sense of identity
- emergence of lust in response to biological changes as a major force occurring during this period.
Late Adolescence: 14 to 21 Years (Sullivan) major developmental tasks?
- Establishing self-identity;
- experiencing satisfying relationships;
- working to develop a lasting, intimate opposite-gender relationship
- genital organs are the major developmental focus of this stage.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development
- Based on the influence of social processes on the development of the personality
- Erikson identified eight stages of development and the major tasks associated with each.
- Trust versus mistrust (birth to 18 months)
- Autonomy versus shame and doubt (18 months to 3 years)
- Initiative versus guilt (3 to 6 years)
- Industry versus inferiority (6 to 12 years)
- Identity versus role confusion (12 to 20 years)
- Intimacy versus isolation (20 to 30 years)
- Generativity versus stagnation (30 to 65 years)
- Ego integrity versus despair (65 years to death)
Trust versus Mistrust: Birth to 18 Months
Major Developmental Task
major task is to develop a basic trust in the mothering figure and learn to generalize it to others.
- Achievement of task = when basic needs are met consistently → self-confidence, optimism, faith in the gratification of needs and desires, and hope for the future.
- Nonachievement =
- emotional dissatisfaction with the self and others,
- suspiciousness, and
- difficulty with interpersonal relationships.
- primary caregivers fail to respond to the infant’s distress signal promptly and consistently.
Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt: 18 Months to 3 Years (Erikson)
Major Developmental Tasks
gain some self-control and independence within the environment.
-
Achievement → Autonomy is achieved when parents encourge and provide opportunities for independent activities.
- sense of self- control and the ability to delay gratification, and a
- feeling of self-confidence in one’s ability to perform.
-
Nonachievement = task unresolved when primary caregivers restrict independent behaviors, both physically and verbally, or set the child up for failure with unrealistic expectations. Results in:
- lack of self-confidence,
- lack of pride in the ability to perform
- sense of being controlled by others
- rage against the self.
Mahler: Object Relations Theory is based on ____?
- Based on the separation-individuation process of the infant from the maternal figure (primary caregiver)
What are Mahler: Object Relations stages of development?
- Phase I: Autism (birth to 1 month)
- Phase II: Symbiosis (1 to 5 months)
- Phase III: Separation-Individuation (5 to 36 months)
What are the Mahler Stage III subphases?
- Differentiation ( 5 to 10 months)
- Practicing (10 to 16 months)
- Rapprochement (16 to 24 months)
- Consolidation (24 to 36 months)
What’s Paget: Cognitive Development theory based on?
- Based on the premise that human intelligence is an extension of biological adaptation or one’s ability for psychological adaptation to the environment
Paget: Cognitivite Development Theory
Stages of Development?
- Piaget identified four stages of development that are related to age, demonstrating at each successive stage a higher level of logical organization than at the previous stage:
- Sensorimotor ( birth to 2 years)
- Preoperational (2 to 6 years)
- Concrete operations ( 6 to 12 years)
- Formal operations (12 to 15+ years)
What is Kohlberg: Moral Development Theory?
Stages of moral development are not closely tied to specific age groups; they are more accurately determined by the individual’s motivation behind the behavior.
What are Kohlberg’s 3 major levels of moral development?
- Preconventional level (4 to 10 years)
- Conventional level (10 to 13 years and into
adulthood) - Postconventional level (from adolescence
on)
What is Peplau’s: Nursing Model of Interpersonal Development?
- Applies interpersonal theory to nurse-client relationship development
- Correlates the stages of personality development in childhood to stages through which clients advance during the progression of an illness
- Views interpersonal experiences as learning situations for nurses to facilitate forward movement in the development of personality
Peplau’s 7 nursing roles
- Nurses function to assist individuals in need of health services
- Stranger
- Resource person
- Counselor
- Teacher
- Leader
- Technical expert
- Surrogate
