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1
Q

abciximab - mech

A

Monoclonal antibody to fibrin receptor (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa) on platelets.

2
Q

abciximab - use

A

Used to prevent clotting after coronary angioplasty

3
Q

acetaminophen - mech

A

Antipyretic analgesic: very weak cyclooxygenase inhibitor; not anti−inflammatory.

4
Q

acetazolamide, dorzolamide - mech

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic: produces a NaHCO3 diuresis, results in bicarbonate depletion, and therefore has self−limited action.

5
Q

acetazolamide, dorzolamide - use

A

Used in glaucoma and mountain sickness. Dorzolamide is a topical analog for glaucoma

6
Q

acetylcholine - mech (sites of action)

A

Cholinomimetic prototype: transmitter in CNS, ENS, all ANS ganglia, parasympathetic postganglionic synapses, sympathetic postganglionic fibers to sweat glands, and some skeletal muscle vasodilator synapses

7
Q

acyclovir - mech

A

Antiviral: inhibits DNA synthesis in herpes simplex and varicella zoster. Requires activation by viral thymidine kinase (TK− strains are resistant).

8
Q

acyclovir - tox

A

Tox: behavioral effects and nephrotoxicity (crystalluria), but not myelosuppression

9
Q

acyclovir - use

A

varicella and herpes

10
Q

adenosine - mech

A

Antiarrhythmic: unclassified (“Group V”); parenteral only. Hyperpolarizes AV nodal tissue, blocks conduction for 10−15 sec.

11
Q

adenosine - use

A

Used for nodal reentry arrhythmias

12
Q

allopurinol - mech

A

Antigout: inhibitor of xanthine oxidase; reduces production of uric acid

13
Q

list the three important beta2 agonists, what is their use

A

albuterol, metaproterenol, terbutaline

asthma

14
Q

alprazolam - mech

A

Benzodiazepine sedative−hypnotic

15
Q

alprazolam - use

A

widely used in anxiety states, selectivity for panic attacks and phobias; possible antidepressant actions.

16
Q

alprazolam - tox

A

Tox: psychologic and physical dependence, additive effects with other CNS depressants

17
Q

alteplase - mech

A

Thrombolytic: human recombinant tissue plasminogen activator.

18
Q

alteplase - use

A

Used in acute MI to recanalize the occluded coronary. Occasionally used in pulmonary embolism, stroke.

19
Q

amiloride - mech

A

K+−sparing diuretic: blocks Na+ channels in cortical collecting tubules

20
Q

aminoglutethimide - mech

A

Nonsteroid inhibitor of steroid synthesis: reduces conversion of cholesterol to the hormone precursor, pregnenolone.

21
Q

aminoglutethimide - use

A

Used in metastatic breast cancer

22
Q

amiodarone - mech

A

Group IA and III antiarrhythmic: broad spectrum, blocks sodium, potassium, calcium channels, beta receptors. High efficacy and very long half−life (weeks−months).

23
Q

amiodarone - tox

A

Tox: deposits in tissues; hypo− or hyperthyroidism; pulmonary fibrosis

24
Q

amitriptyline - mech

A

Tricyclic antidepressant: blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.

25
Q

amitriptyline - tox

A

Tox: atropine− like, postural hypotension, sedation; cardiac arrhythmias in overdose, additive effects with other CNS depressants

26
Q

amoxicillin - mech / resistance mech

A

Penicillin: wider spectrum than pen G with activity similar to ampicillin but greater oral bioavailability; less adverse effects on GI tract than ampicillin. Susceptible to penicillinases unless used with clavulanic acid.

27
Q

amphetamine - mech

A

Indirectly acting sympathomimetic: displaces stored catecholamines in nerve endings. Marked CNS stimulant actions; high abuse liability.

28
Q

amphetamine - tox

A

Tox: psychosis, HTN, MI, seizures

29
Q

amphotericin b - mech

A

Antifungal: polyene drug of choice for most systemic mycoses; binds to ergosterol to disrupt fungal cell membrane permeability.

30
Q

amphotericin b - tox

A

Tox: chills and fever, hypokalemia, hypotension, nephrotoxicity (dose−limiting, possibly less with liposomal forms)

31
Q

ampicillin - mech / spectrum

A

Penicillin: wider−spectrum than pen G, susceptible to penicillinases unless used with sulbactam. Activity similar to pen G, plus E coli, H influenzae, P mirabilis, Shigella. Synergy with aminoglycosides versus enterococci and listeria.

32
Q

ampicillin - tox

A

Tox: penicillin allergy; more adverse effects on GI tract than other penicillins; maculopapular skin rash

33
Q

anistreplase - mech

A

Thrombolytic: bacterial streptokinase complexed with human plasminogen. Longer acting in body than other thrombolytics (rt−PA, streptokinase, urokinase).

34
Q

aspirin - mech

A

NSAID prototype: inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) I and II irreversibly. Potent antiplatelet agent as well as antipyretic analgesic anti−inflammatory drug

35
Q

atenolol - mech

A

Beta1−selective blocker: low lipid solubility, less CNS effect; used for HTN. (Note mnemonic for beta1−selective blockers: their names start with A through M. [Exceptions: carteolol & labetalol are not selective])

36
Q

atropine - mech

A

Muscarinic cholinoceptor blocker prototype: lipid soluble, CNS effects.

37
Q

atropine - tox

A

Tox: “red as a beet, dry as a bone, mad as a hatter,” urinary retention, mydriasis

38
Q

azithromycin - mech

A

macrolide antibiotic: similar to erythromycin, but greater activity versus chlamydia and streptococci; long half−life due to tissue accumulation.

39
Q

baclofen - mech

A

GABA analog, orally active: spasmolytic; activates GABAB receptors in the spinal cord

40
Q

benztropine - mech

A

Centrally acting antimuscarinic prototype for parkinsonism

41
Q

benztropine - use

A

parkinsonism

42
Q

bethanechol - mech

A

Muscarinic agonist: choline ester with good resistance to cholinesterase

43
Q

bethanechol - use

A

used for atonic bowel or bladder

44
Q

botulinum - mech

A

Toxin: enzyme produced by Clostridium botulinum; interacts with fusion/docking proteins to block release of acetylcholine vesicles

45
Q

bromocriptine - mech

A

Ergot derivative: dopamine agonist in CNS; inhibits prolactin release.

46
Q

bromocriptine - use

A

Used in parkinsonism and hyperprolactinemia.

47
Q

bromocriptine - tox

A

Tox: CNS, dyskinesias, hypotension

48
Q

bupivacaine - distinguishing features

A

Long−acting amide local anesthetic prototype: greater CV toxicity than most local anesthetics

49
Q

buspirone - mech

A

Anxiolytic: atypical drug that interacts with 5HT1A receptors; slow onset. Minimal potentiation of CNS depressants including ethanol; negligible abuse liability

50
Q

captopril - mech

A

ACE inhibitor prototype

51
Q

captopril - use

A

used in HTN, diabetic renal disease, and CHF.

52
Q

captopril - tox

A

hyperkalemia, fetal renal damage, cough (“sore throat”)

53
Q

carbachol - mech

A

Nonselective muscarinic and nicotinic agonist: choline ester with good resistance to cholinesterase

54
Q

carbachol - use

A

used for glaucoma (not a first−line drug)

55
Q

carbamazepine - mech

A

Anticonvulsant: tricyclic derivative used for tonic−clonic and partial seizures; blocks Na+ channels in neuronal membranes.

56
Q

carbamazepine - use

A

Anticonvulsant for tonic-clonic and partial seizures. Drug of choice for trigeminal neuralgia; back−up drug in mania.

57
Q

carbamazepine - tox

A

Tox: CNS depression, hematotoxic, induces liver drug−metabolizing enzymes

58
Q

cefazolin - mech

A

First−generation cephalosporin prototype: bactericidal beta−lactam inhibitor of cell wall synthesis.

59
Q

cefazolin - use

A

Active against gram−positive cocci, E coli, K pneumoniae, but does not enter CSF.

60
Q

cefoxitin - use

A

Second−generation cephalosporin: active against a wide spectrum of gram−negative bacteria including anaerobes (B fragilis). Does not enter the CNS

61
Q

ceftriaxone - use

A

Third−generation cephalosporin: active against resistant bacteria including gonococci, H influenzae, and other gram−negative organisms. Crosses the blood−brain barrier

62
Q

celecoxib, rofecoxib - mech, advantage

A

First COX−II−selective NSAIDs. Reduced GI toxicity

63
Q

chloramphenicol - mech

A

Antibiotic: broad spectrum agent; inhibits protein synthesis (50S)

64
Q

chloramphenicol - use

A

uses restricted to back− up drug for bacterial meningitis, infections due to anaerobes, Salmonella.

65
Q

chloramphenicol - tox

A

Tox: reversible myelosuppression, aplastic anemia, gray baby syndrome

66
Q

chloroquine - mech/use

A

Antimalarial: blood schizonticide used for treatment and as a chemosuppressant where P falciparum is susceptible.

67
Q

chloroquine - tox

A

Tox: GI distress and skin rash at low doses; peripheral neuropathy, skin lesions, auditory and visual impairment, quinidine−like myocardial depression at high doses

68
Q

chlorpheniramine - mech

A

Antihistamine H1 blocker prototype

69
Q

chlorpheniramine - tox

A

Tox: sedation, antimuscarinic

70
Q

chlorpromazine - mech

A

Phenothiazine antipsychotic drug prototype: blocks most dopamine receptors in the CNS.

71
Q

chlorpromazine - tox

A

Tox: atropine−like, EPS dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, postural hypotension, sedation, seizures (in overdose), additive effects with other CNS depressants

72
Q

cholestyramine, colestipol - mech

A

Bile acid−binding resins: sequester bile acids in gut and divert more cholesterol from the liver to bile acids instead of circulating lipoproteins.

73
Q

cholestyramine, colestipol - tox

A

Tox: constipation, bloating; interfere with absorption of some drugs

74
Q

cimetidine - mech

A

H2 blocker prototype

75
Q

cimetidine - tox

A

Tox: inhibits hepatic drug metabolism; antiandrogen effects. Less toxic analogs: ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine

76
Q

ciprofloxacin - mech

A

Fluoroquinolone antibiotic: bactericidal inhibitor of topoisomerases

77
Q

ciprofloxacin - use

A

active against many gram−negative rods including E coli, H influenzae, Campylobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Shigella.

78
Q

ciprofloxacin - tox

A

Tox: CNS dysfunction, GI distress, superinfection, collagen damage (avoid in children and pregnant women). Interactions: caffeine, theophylline, warfarin

79
Q

cisplatin -mech

A

Platinum−containing alkylating cancer chemotherapeutic agent. Carboplatin is similar.

80
Q

cisplatin - use

A

Used for several solid tumors (eg, testes, lung).

81
Q

cisplatin - tox

A

nephrotoxic and acoustic nerve damage

82
Q

clindamycin - mech

A

Lincosamide antibiotic: bacteriostatic inhibitor of protein synthesis (50S)

83
Q

clindamycin - use

A

active against gram−positive cocci, B fragilis, MRSA

84
Q

clindamycin - tox

A

Tox: GI distress, pseudomembranous colitis

85
Q

clomiphene - mech

A

Estrogen partial agonist

86
Q

clomiphene - use

A

synthetic used in infertility to induce ovulation

87
Q

clonidine - mech

A

Alpha2 agonist: acts centrally to reduce SANS outflow

88
Q

clonidine - use

A

HTN

89
Q

clonidine - tox

A

Tox: rebound HTN if stopped suddenly

90
Q

clozapine - mech

A

Atypical antipsychotic: low affinity for dopamine D2 receptors, higher for D4 and 5−HT2A receptors

91
Q

clozapine - tox

A

less EPS adverse effects than other antipsychotic drugs. Tox: ANS effects, agranulocytosis (infrequent but significant)

92
Q

cocaine - mech

A

Indirectly acting sympathomimetic: blocks amine reuptake into nerve endings. Local anesthetic (ester type). Marked CNS stimulation, euphoria; high abuse liability.

93
Q

cocaine - tox

A

Tox: psychosis, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures

94
Q

colchicine - mech

A

Microtubule assembly inhibitor: reduces mobility and phagocytosis by WBCs in gout− inflamed joints;

95
Q

colchicine - use

A

useful in acute, not chronic gout.

96
Q

colchicine - tox

A

Tox: GI, hepatic, renal damage

97
Q

cyclopentolate, tropicamide - mech

A

Antimuscarinics for ophthalmology: shorter duration than atropine (a few hours or less);

98
Q

cyclopentolate, tropicamide - use

A

ophtho - cause cycloplegia and mydriasis

99
Q

cyclophosphamide - mech

A

Antineoplastic, immunosuppressive: cell cycle−nonspecific alkylating agent.

100
Q

cyclophosphamide - tox

A

Tox: alopecia, gastrointestinal distress, hemorrhagic cystitis, myelosuppression

101
Q

cyclosporine - mech

A

Immunosuppressant: antibiotic; inhibits interleukin−2 synthesis, suppresses T cells.

102
Q

cyclosporine - tox

A

Tox: HTN, hirsutism, nephrotoxicity (dose−limiting), seizures (in overdose). Not a myelosuppressant

103
Q

dantrolene - mech

A

Blocks Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle.

104
Q

dantrolene - use

A

Used in muscle spasm (cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, cord injury) and in emergency treatment of hyperthermia caused by malignant hyperthermia, malignant neuroleptic syndrome, and serotonin syndrome

105
Q

ddavp - mech

A

ADH analog: synthetic peptide

106
Q

ddavp - use

A

used for pituitary diabetes insipidus

107
Q

ddt - mech

A

Insecticide: prevents inactivation of sodium channels, causes uncontrolled neuronal activity. Stored for years in body fat in mammals, birds, fish

108
Q

deferoxamine - mech

A

Chelator: bacterial product; chelates iron very avidly, aluminum less so

109
Q

dexfenfluramine - mech

A

5−HT reuptake inhibitor and receptor agonist previously used as anorexic.

110
Q

dexfenfluramine - tox

A

Tox: produced cardiac valve damage when used in combination with phentermine

111
Q

dexamethasone - mech

A

Glucocorticoid: very potent, long−acting; no mineralocorticoid activity

112
Q

diazepam - mech

A

Benzodiazepine prototype: binds to BDZ receptors of the GABAA receptor−chloride ion channel complex; facilitates the inhibitory actions of GABA by increasing frequency of channel opening.

113
Q

diazepam - use

A

Uses: anxiety states, ethanol detoxication, muscle spasticity, status epilepticus.

114
Q

diazepam - tox

A

Tox: psychologic and physical dependence, additive effects with other CNS depressants

115
Q

didanosine (DDI) - mech

A

Antiviral: nucleoside inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase.

116
Q

didanosine (DDI) - tox

A

Tox: peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis

117
Q

digitoxin - mech

A

Cardiac glycoside: half−life 168 h, excreted in the bile (partially as digoxin); subject to enterohepatic circulation. See digoxin

118
Q

digoxin - mech

A

Cardiac glycoside prototype: positive inotropic drug for CHF, half−life 40 h; renal excretion; inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase, also a cardiac parasympathomimetic.

119
Q

digoxin - tox

A

Tox: calcium overload arrhythmias, GI upset

120
Q

diltiazem - mech

A

Calcium channel (L−type) blocker prototype: like verapamil, has more depressant effect on heart than dihydropyridines (eg, nifedipine).

121
Q

diltiazem - tox

A

Tox: AV block, CHF, edema, constipation

122
Q

dimercaprol (BAL) - use

A

Chelator (British AntiLewisite): used for arsenic, lead, and mercury poisoning

123
Q

dioxin (TCDD) - tox

A

Toxin: byproduct of the manufacture of herbicides 2,4−D and 2,4,5−T. Tox: extremely potent carcinogen in guinea pigs; poorly documented in humans except for chloracne, a skin disorder that occurs acutely upon exposure

124
Q

diphenhydramine - mech

A

Antihistamine H1 blocker (inverse agonist) prototype

125
Q

diphenhydramine - use

A

used in hayfever, motion sickness, dystonias.

126
Q

diphenhydramine - tox

A

Tox: antimuscarinic, anti−alpha, sedative

127
Q

disopyramide - mech

A

Group IA antiarrhythmic

128
Q

disopyramide - use

A

used for ventricular arrhythmias.

129
Q

disopyramide - tox

A

Tox: strong antimuscarinic; may cause CHF

130
Q

dopamine - use

A

used in shock to increase renal blood flow, stimulate heart

131
Q

doxorubicin - mech

A

Antineoplastic: anthracycline drug (cell cycle−nonspecific); intercalates between base pairs to disrupt DNA functions and forms cytotoxic free radicals.

132
Q

doxorubicin - tox

A

Tox: cardiotoxicity, myelosuppression

133
Q

doxycycline - mech / unique features

A

Tetracycline antibiotic: protein synthesis inhibitor (30S), more effective than other tetracyclines against bacillary dysentery. Unlike other tetracyclines, it is eliminated mainly in the feces.

134
Q

echothiophate - mech

A

Organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor: less lipid soluble than most organophosphates

135
Q

echothiophate - use

A

used in glaucoma

136
Q

edetate (EDTA) - use

A

Chelating agent: used in lead poisoning.

137
Q

edetate (EDTA) - tox

A

Tox: renal tubular necrosis

138
Q

edrophonium - mech

A

Cholinesterase inhibitor: very short duration of action (15 min).

139
Q

edrophonium - use

A

Used to reverse NM blockade and as diagnostic test in myasthenia gravis

140
Q

enoxaparin - mech

A

Low molecular weight heparin. Primary effect is anti−factor X. Other low molecular weight heparin−like products: dalteparin, danaparoid.

141
Q

ephedrine - mech

A

Indirectly acting sympathomimetic: like amphetamine but less CNS stimulation, more smooth muscle effects

142
Q

epinephrine - mech

A

Adrenoceptor agonist prototype: product of adrenal medulla, some CNS neurons. Affinity for all alpha and all beta receptors.

143
Q

epinephrine - use

A

Used in asthma; as hemostatic and adjunct with local anesthetics; drug of choice in anaphylaxis

144
Q

ergonovine - mech

A

Ergot alkaloid: uterine effect prototype, causes prolonged uterine contraction.

145
Q

ergonovine - use

A

Used in post−partum bleeding

146
Q

ergotamine - mech

A

Ergot alkaloid: vascular effect prototype, causes prolonged vasoconstriction, uterine contraction.

147
Q

ergotamine - use

A

Used in migraine, obstetrics

148
Q

erythromycin - mech

A

Macrolide antibiotic: inhibitor of protein synthesis (50S);

149
Q

erythromycin - use

A

activity includes gram−positive cocci and bacilli, M pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, C trachomatis.

150
Q

erythromycin - tox

A

Tox: cholestatic jaundice, inhibits liver drug−metabolizing enzymes, interactions with astemizole, theophylline, terfenadine, warfarin

151
Q

ethacrynic acid - mech

A

Loop diuretic: not a sulfa derivative.

152
Q

ethacrynic acid - tox

A

Tox: like furosemide but does not increase serum uric acid.

153
Q

ethanol - tox

A

Sedative−hypnotic: acute actions include impaired judgment, ataxia, loss of consciousness, vasodilation, and cardiovascular and respiratory depression. Chronic use leads to dependence and liver, cardiovascular, endocrine, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and nervous system pathology. Note: zero−order elimination kinetics

154
Q

ethosuximide - mech

A

Anticonvulsant: used in absence seizures; may block T−type Ca2+ channels in thalamic neurons.

155
Q

ethosuximide - tox

A

Tox: GI distress but safe in pregnancy

156
Q

etidronate, pamidronate, alendronate - mech

A

Bisphosphonates: reduce turnover of bone calcium.

157
Q

etidronate, pamidronate, alendronate - use

A

Used in Paget’s disease, osteoporosis; alendronate increases bone formation.

158
Q

etidronate, pamidronate, alendronate - tox

A

Tox: severe esophageal ulceration (pill esophagitis)

159
Q

fexofenadine - mech

A

2nd generation antihistamine; does not enter CNS, little or no sedation

160
Q

finasteride - mech

A

Steroid inhibitor of 5α−reductase: inhibits synthesis of dihydrotestosterone, the active androgen in prostate.

161
Q

finasteride - use

A

Used in BPH

162
Q

flecainide - mech

A

Group IC antiarrhythmic prototype

163
Q

flecainide - use

A

used in ventricular tachycardia and rapid atrial arrhythmias with Wolff−Parkinson−White syndrome.

164
Q

flecainide - tox

A

Tox: arrhythmogenic, CNS excitation

165
Q

fluconazole - mech

A

Imidazole antifungal

166
Q

fluconazole - use

A

used for esophageal candidiasis and in coccidioidomycoses; high CSF levels provide prophylaxis versus fungal meningitis in immunosuppressed patients

167
Q

fludrocortisone - mech

A

Synthetic corticosteroid: high mineralocorticoid and moderate glucocorticoid activity; long duration of action

168
Q

flumazenil - use

A

Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist: used to reverse CNS depressant effects of benzodiazepines (overdose or when used in anesthesia)

169
Q

fluorouracil - mech

A

Antineoplastic: pyrimidine antimetabolite (cell cycle−specific) causes “thymine−less” cell death; used mainly for solid or superficial tumors.

170
Q

fluorouracil - tox

A

Tox: GI distress, myelosuppression

171
Q

fluoxetine - mech

A

Antidepressant: serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) prototype. Less ANS adverse effects and cardiotoxic potential than tricyclics.

172
Q

fluoxetine - tox

A

Tox: CNS stimulation, seizures in overdose

173
Q

flutamide - mech

A

Androgen receptor inhibitor: nonsteroid

174
Q

flutamide - use

A

used in prostatic carcinoma

175
Q

furosemide - mech

A

Loop diuretic prototype: blocks Na+/K+/2Cl− transporter; high efficacy

176
Q

furosemide - use

A

used in acute pulmonary edema, refractory edematous states, hypercalcemia.

177
Q

furosemide - tox

A

Tox: ototoxicity, K+ wasting, hypovolemia, increased serum uric acid

178
Q

foscarnet - use

A

Antiviral: effective against CMV and HSV (including TK− strains);

179
Q

foscarnet - tox

A

Tox: electrolyte imbalance, nephrotoxicity

180
Q

ganciclovir - mech/use

A

Antiviral: effective against CMV; requires bioactivation via thymidine kinase.

181
Q

ganciclovir - tox

A

Tox: myelosuppression, nephrotoxicity

182
Q

gemfibrozil, clofibrate - mech

A

Antilipemics: stimulate lipoprotein lipase in peripheral tissues.

183
Q

gemfibrozil, clofibrate - tox

A

Used in hypertriglyceridemias and mixed triglyceridemia/hypercholesterolemia

184
Q

gentamicin - mech/spectrum of activity

A

Aminoglycoside prototype: bactericidal inhibitor of protein synthesis (30S); active against many aerobic gram−negative bacteria. Narrow therapeutic window; dose reduction required in renal impairment.

185
Q

gentamicin - tox

A

Tox: renal dysfunction, ototoxicity; once−daily dosing is effective (post−antibiotic effect) and less toxic

186
Q

glipizide, glyburide - mech

A

Oral hypoglycemics: second generation, very potent. Like other sulfonylureas, act by closing K channels in pancreatic B cells, causing depolarization and release of insulin.

187
Q

glipizide, glybruide - tox

A

hypoglycemia

188
Q

glucagon - mech

A

Hormone product of pancreatic A cells. Increases blood sugar via increased cAMP

189
Q

guanethidine - mech

A

Postganglionic sympathetic neuron blocker: enters nerve ending by means of uptake−1 and is stored in the ending (effect reversed by TCAs, cocaine).

190
Q

guanethidine - tox

A

Tox: severe orthostatic hypotension, sexual dysfunction

191
Q

guanethidine - use

A

HTN

192
Q

haloperidol - mech

A

Antipsychotic butyrophenone: blocks brain dopamine D2 receptors.

193
Q

haloperidol - tox

A

Tox: marked EPS dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia; less ANS adverse effects than phenothiazines

194
Q

halothane - mech

A

General anesthetic prototype: inhaled halogenated hydrocarbon. Causes cardiovascular and respiratory depression and relaxes skeletal and smooth muscle.

195
Q

halothane - tox

A

Use has decreased due to sensitization of heart to catecholamines, and occurrence (rare) of hepatitis and malignant hyperthermia

196
Q

heparin - mech

A

Anticoagulant: large polymeric molecule with antithrombin, and anti−factor X activity. Primary rapid onset, in vitro and in vivo anticoagulation. Antidote: protamine. See also enoxaparin

197
Q

hydralazine - mech

A

Antihypertensive: arteriolar vasodilator, orally active

198
Q

hydralazine - mech

A

HTN, CHF

199
Q

hydralazine - tox

A

Tox: Tachycardia, salt and water retention, lupus−like syndrome

200
Q

hydrochlorothiazide - mech

A

Thiazide diuretic prototype: acts in distal convoluted tubule; blocks Na+/Cl− transporter;

201
Q

hydrochlorothiazide - use

A

used in HTN, CHF, chronic renal stone syndrome.

202
Q

hydrochlorothiazide - tox

A

Tox: increased serum lipids, uric acid, glucose; K+ wasting

203
Q

ibuprofen - mech

A

NSAID prototype: short duration. Inhibits cyclooxygenase (both I and II) reversibly.

204
Q

ibuprofen - tox

A

Tox: peptic ulcer, renal damage

205
Q

imipenem - mech/spectrum

A

Antibiotic: carbapenem beta−lactam active against many aerobic and anaerobic bacteria including penicillinase−producing organisms; a bactericidal inhibitor of cell wall synthesis. Used with cilastatin (which inhibits metabolism by renal dehydropeptidases).

206
Q

imipenem - tox

A

Tox: allergy (partial cross−reactivity with penicillins), seizures (overdose)