1
Q
Dimercaprol (Bal) and Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)
A
Bal treatment for lead, arsenic, mercury, and gold poisoning
DMSA is indicated in for lead poisoning in children with blood level measured above 45 µg/d
2
Q
Pyridostigmine
A
achetacholinesterase inhibitor used for myasthinia gravis
3
Q
Warfarin
A
Inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase, which inhibits y-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues of 2,7,9,10,C(remember C is anticoagulant but is reduced early in warfarin tx due to short half life so results in early hyper coagulable state with unchecked 2,7,9,10),S. Remember, WEPT –> Warfarin, Extrinsic, PT uses: AFIB, tx and prophylaxis of DVT Teratogenic. NOT USE IN PREGNANCY (can use heparin)
4
Q
Abx associated with tendon rupture (achilles tendinitis)
A
Floroquinolones (ciprofloxacin)
5
Q
Imatinib (Gleevec)
A
Gleevec. A tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat CML
6
Q
Aspirin mechanism and a side effect
A
Irreversibly binds COX1/COX2. This prevents arachidonic acid –> prostaglandins. Potential side effect of tinitis
uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and disrupts the electron transport chain (reason that cuases Reye syndome in kiddos who take ASA for infleunza or other illness)
7
Q
Arcabose
A
inhibit intestinal border alpha-glucosidase used in T2 DM. Delays carbohydrate hydrolysis and glucose absorption
8
Q
Chlorpropramide
A
first generation sulfonylurea used to treat T2 DM. Closes K channel on B cells in pancreas and cause increase release of insulin. Side effect: can cause anatabuse-like (disulfuram) reaction
9
Q
Levothyroxine (synthroid)
A
thyroid hormone replacement for hypothyroid and myxedema. Can be used off-label as weight loss supplement Side effects: weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, arrhythmia
10
Q
Tolbutamide
A
first generation sulfonylurea sed to treat T2 DM. Closes K channel on B cells in pancreas and cause increase release of insulin. Side effect: antabuse-like reaction
11
Q
Drugs that can cause antabuse-like reactions
A
metronitazole (damages DNA: flagyl), tolbutamide (sulfonylurea), Chlorpropramide (sulfonylurea), chloramphenicol (50S abx), and some cephalosporins
12
Q
Metformin
A
Go to drug for T2 DM. Class biguanides
Mechanism: decrease gluconeogenesis, decrease glycogenolysis, increase peripheral glucose uptake (via increased skeletal muscle glycogenesis)
Side effect: can cause lactic acidosis (mudpiLes)
13
Q
Retuximab
A
anti CD20 antibody (found on most B-cell neoplasms
Remember CD20 is found on B-cells
use in B-cell non-hodgkin lymphoma, CLL, RA, ITP
14
Q
Allopurinol (3 uses) (Zyloprim)
A
- Used in the treatment of chronic gout. Inhibits Xanthine Oxidase to prevent production of uric acid
- Also can be used to treat tumor lysis syndrome (esp seen in ALL and Lymphoma)
- Also used in treatment of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Side effects: SJS, rashes esp seen when using chemo drugs, Dress syndrome (eosinophilia)
15
Q
Infiximab (Remicade)
A
TNF-alpha inhibitor used in PAIR
treatment for ankylosing spondylitis. this is an immunosuppressant and can raise dormant opportunistic infections such as TB. Need to get PPD first Anti TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody Other Uses: IBD, RA, psoriasis
16
Q
Tacrolimus
A
Calcineurin inhibitor; binds FK506 binding protein (FKBP).
Blocks T-cell activation by preventing IL-2 transcription (prevent ALL T-cells from being activated)
used in transplant rejection
HIGHLY NEPHROTOXIC
17
Q
Treatment of Actinomyces Isralii (gram positive rod that can cause oral and facial abscesses)
A
Penicillin G (blocks bacterial wall synthesis)
- Gram + filamentous rod
- infection associated with jaw trauma
- formation of sinus tracts
- obligate anaerobe
- yellow sulfur granules
18
Q
Mesna
A
Give with cyclophosphamide (alkalating agent cross-link N-7)
for prevention of hemorrhagic cystitis
19
Q
Dabigatran (Pradaxa)
A
Direct thrombin inhibitor used as PO anticoagulant in the setting of AFIB. Does NOT require weekly monitoring.
20
Q
Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
A
Antiepileptic used in both focal and generalized seizures, blocks voltage gated Na channels. **KNOWN TO CAUSE STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME** must be titrated slowly to avoid
21
Q
Ribavirin
A
Used to treat Hep C
- Also used in RSV -Inhibits synthesis of guanine nucleotides
- Side effect: Hemolytic Anemia, SEVERE teratogen
22
Q
Reversal for heparin
A
Protamine Sulfate
23
Q
Alendronate
A
Osteoporosis drug. Works by binding hydroxyapetitie and inhibiting osteoclast activity Side effect: erosive esophagitis and can cause osteonecrosis of the jaw
24
Q
Dantrolene
A
used in malignant hyperthermia and NMS. Inhibits release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum, thus preventing muscle contraction
25
D-penacillamine
Copper chelating agent used for Wilson's Disease
-works as a chemical antagonist (binds directly to the agonist, thus preventing it from binding to its target)
26
Carbidopa-Levodopa
Used to treat parkinson disease. Increases DA level in CNS Carbidopa: blocks peripheral conversion of l-DOPA to dopamine by inhibiting DOPA decarboxylase
27
Clindamycin
Blocks 50s subunit. Good choice for dental abscesses Can cause C-Diff
28
Sulfasalazine
Used for UC and Crohn Combination of sulfapyridine (antibacterial) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (anti-inflammatory). Activated by colonic bacteria.
29
Doxorubicin
antitumor antibiotic that generates free radicals and noncovalently intercalates into DNA Side Effects: Can cause Doxorubicin induced cardiomyopathy (DCM) and heart failure
30
Chloramphenicol
blocks peptidyltransferase at 50s ribosomal subunit (not used in USA very often) Side effects: aplastic anemia, grey baby syndrome
31
Drugs associated with "lupus-like syndrome"
Having Lupus is **SHIPP-E**
**S**ulfa-drugs
**H**ydralazine (HTN, HF)
**I**NH (TB)
**P**rocainamide (1A sodium channel blocker)
**P**henytoin (dilantin, epilepsy, CYP450 drug)
**E**ntanarcept (TNF-alpha inhibitor)
32
cyclosporine and tacrolimus (FK506)
both are used prophylactically for **transplant rejection** to prevent graft-vs-host
**Cyclosporine**: **calcineurin** **inhibitor** binds cyclophilin, prevents IL-2 transcription. Also used in psoriasis and RA.
**Tacrolimus**: **calcineurin** **inhibitor**, **binds FK506 binding** protein, prevents IL02 trancription
**\*\*BOTH ARE HIGHLY NEPHROTOXIC\*\***
33
All Trans Retinoic Acid
used to treat **acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML)**
t(15:17) 65 year old with Auer Rods
- which often presents as a pt in DIC
- mechanism: rapidly induces tumor cell differentiation
34
Azathioprine
antimetabolite precursor of 6-mercaptopurine. Interferes with purine nucleotide synthesis Preventing organ rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, IBD, SLE Side Effects: metabolized by xanthine oxidase; thus both have toxicity with allopurinol
35
micafungin (similar to capsofungin)
inhibit carbohydrate synthesis in fungal cell wall (inhibit synthesis of Beta-glucan) Side effects: GI, flushing (by histamine release)
36
Dextromethorphan
Short term cough suppressant (antitussive) Antagonizes NMDA glutamate receptors. Synthetic codeine analog Side effects: mild opiate, minimal abuse potential. May cause serotonin syndrome if taken with other serotonic agents
37
Oseltamavir, Zanamivir
Inhibit influenza neuraminidase and decrease release of progeny virus Used to treat both Influenza A and B
38
Sumatriptan
Used for: migraine HA, cluster HA
Mechanism: 5HT 1B/1D agaonist. Causes vasoconstriction, inactivation of trigeminal activation.
Side effects: can cause coronary vasospasm. contraindicated with pts with CAD or prinzmetal angina (angina at rest secondary to coronary artery spasm)
39
Bevacizumab
anti VEGF. slows angiogenesis used in Colorectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, glioblastoma
40
bromocriptine/cabergoline
dopamine agonist used for prolacinomas (remember that most antipsychotics ie dopamine antagonist can cause prolactin secretion
41
abciximab (reopro)
antiplatelet agent for prevention of ischemic complications in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention Monoclonal IgG **antibody targets Glycoprotein IIA/IIIB receptors on platelets**
Side effects: bleeding, drug induced thrombocytopenia
No target if pt has Glanzmann (defect in GpIIb/IIIa)
42
clopidogrel (plavix), ticlopidine, prasugrel (effient)
ADP receptor inhibitor (irreversible). This prevents expression of GP IIa/IIIb use in Acute coronary syndrome, Acute MI, decrease incidence of thrombotic stroke Side effects: neutropenia (esp in ticlopidine, thus need for CBC every few weeks to avoid agranulocytosis), TTP
43
dipyridamole, Cilostazol
Phosphodiesterase inhbitors --\> increased cAMP --\> PKA resulting in impaired platelet fxn
Cilostazol (drop the ball) also causes arterial vasodilation Side effects: nausea, HA, facial flushing
44
treatment of coronary stent thrombosis
dual platelet therapy 1. ADA antagonist --\> clopidogrel 2. COX 1 and COX 2 inhibitor --\> ASA
45
infliximab/adalimumab (humira)
Used to treat IBD, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis
**used to treat PAIR**
Mechanism: Soluble **TNF-α inhibitor**
46
cyproheptadine
Used to treat serotonin syndrome
Mechanism: 5-HT2 receptor antagonist
47
propylthiouracil
used to treat hyperthyroidism Mechanism: inhibits thyroid peroxidase AND 5' deiodinase (interferes with the synthesis and peripheral conversion of thyroid hormone) -safe to use in pregnancy
48
Trazodone
**5HT2 receptor antagonist** used primarily for **insomnia**, as high doses are needed for **antidepressant** effects
-ALSO an alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist, which gives the sedating effect, which works via Gq
Rare side effect is **priaprism**
**TraZZZobone**
49
metoclopramide
An antiemetic used for the treatment of gastroperesis. Mechanism: principally a D2 antagonist; antagonism of D2 in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the CNS leads to the antiemetic effects.
Side Effects: Antagonism of D2 also leads to drug-induced Parkinsonism, which presents with akathisia, focal dystonia, and tardive dyskinesia.
50
Quinidine
exhibits both class Ia and class III anti-arrhythmic properties by blocking both fast inward Na+ channels and K+ channels, respectively
- By blocking K+ channels, quinidine prolongs the repolarization phase (phase 3) of the action potential, thereby lengthening the QT interval.
- quinidine also prolongs phase 0. However, phase 0 contributes very little to the overall duration of the cardiac action potential
Side effect: HA, tinitus
51
Gemfibrozil
belongs to a class of lipid drugs called **fibrates**
known to produce the greatest **reduction in triglyceride levels**
**Activate PARA-alpha to induce HDL synthesis**
Side effect: myopathy, cholesterol gallstones
52
Digoxin (mechanism and overdose)
Cardiac glycoside that is used in the treatment of heart failure. It directly **inhibits the Na+/K+ ATPase,** leading to indirect inhibition of the cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. Inhibition of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, in turn, increases intracellular Ca2+, thereby exerting a **positive inotropic effect**
- slows HR by inducing vagal stimulation
- overdose causes a **blurry yellow vision**, arrhythmias, and **hyperkalemia**. Digoxin slows conduction through the AV node, accounting for the prolonged PR interval
- cleared by kidney, so must be dosed accordingly in renal impaired pts
Tx for overdose: **Digoxin immune Fab**
53
Active TB treatment and a major side effect
RIPE for treatment
R: Rifampin
I: Isoniazid (peripheral neuropathy secondary to vitamin B6 inactivation, which can present as tingling or numbness of the fingers and toes, usually in a “stocking glove” distribution)
P: pyrazinamide
E: ethambutol (optic neuropathy. Red-green color blindness)
54
succinylcholine
depolarizing paralytic
Mechanism: Succinylcholine acts by binding to the postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors and producing a sustained depolarization. The depolarization opens sodium channels, but after a brief period of time, continued depolarization will cause inactivation of the sodium channels, producing accommodation. The result is complete muscle paralysis.
55
Fomepizole
inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase and is an antidote for methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning.
-Historically, ethanol was used to treat methanol poisoning, but is no longer commonly used in settings where fomepizole is available. Ethanol acts as a competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase by occupying enzyme active sites that may otherwise be used to metabolize methanol, thereby preventing methanol metabolism into formic acid.
56
Ketoconazole
imidazole antifungal medication used to treat infections caused by candida, histoplasma, coccidioides, and blastomyces.
-It is an inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 (CYP450)
ALSO blocks cholesterol desmolase that converts cholesterol --\> pregnenolone in adrenal gland (essentially blocks mineralcorticoid, cortisol, androgen production)
57
Riluzole
decrease presynsaptic glutamate release (glutamate antagonist)
-used in the treatment of Lou Gehrig Disease (ALS)
58
Benztropine
Antimuscarinic; used for parkinsons improves tremor and rigidity but has little effect on bradykinesia
Also used to treat the extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic (D2 blockers)
"Park your Benz"
59
NIacin
used to raise HDL levels.
Side effects: flushing typically manifests as facial erythema, warmth, and pruritus. These episodes usually occur shortly after taking the niacin.
Niacin potentiates dermal Langerhan cell release of **prostacyclin** into capillaries, causing cutaneous **vasodilation**.
-Taking **aspirin** (which reduces prostacyclin levels) shortly before taking niacin has been shown to **reduce** this side effect.
60
Isotrentoin (accutane or roaccutane)
Vitamin A derivative used to treat acne.
REQUIRED to have a negative pregnancy (beta-HCG) test and must use **two** forms of contraception if they are sexually active
Severe teratogenic effects such as cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities, and other birth defects
61
misoprostol
**prostaglandin E1 analog** and works to protect the gastric mucosa. It exerts its protective effects by increasing production of gastric mucous and decreasing production of gastric acid.
ALSO, maintanence of Patent Ductus Arteriosus (because prostaglandin analog...PGE2 KEEEPS the PDA open)
-It is often used to prevent peptic ulcers in patients that require long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
ALSO can be used to ripen the cervix and induce labor or used in ABORTIONS (with mifipristone)
62
Cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine.
reversibly **blocks histamine H2** receptors in order to decrease proton secretion from gastric parietal cells, leading to decreased acidity (increased pH) in the stomach. **Cause inhibition of Gs**
- It is used to treat peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux, and gastrititis
- Cimetidine is a potent **inhibitor of cytochrome P-450**
Take H2 blockers before you **dine**. Think “table for **2**” to remember H**2**.
63
Bleomycin (mechanism, use, and toxicity)
mechanism: Antitumor antibiotic that induces free radical formation --\> breaks in DNA strands.
Use: Testicular cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma.
Toxicity: **Pulmonary fbrosis**, skin hyperpigmentation, mucositis
64
Disulfuram (antabuse)
inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (acetaldehyde accumulates, contributing to hangover symptoms).
65
absent seizures treatment and side effects to be aware of
first line: **ethosuximide** (**EFGHIJ**—**E**thosuximide causes **F**atigue, **G**I distress, **H**eadache, **I**tching, and Stevens-**J**ohnson syndrome
second line: **valproic acid** (rare but fatal hepatotoxicity)
66
insulin overdose (what is the drug when cannot swallow simple carbs/juice, and what is the mechanism of this drug)
Glucagon
Mechanism: binding of glucagon to its receptor activates adenylate cyclase, which increases the intracellular concentration of cAMP and ultimately promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
67
Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis
**N-acetylcysteine**: loosen mucus plugs (cleaves disul de bonds within mucus glycoproteins)
**Dornase alfa (DNAse):** can also be used to thin mucus
**Ivacaftor**: CFTR modulator that enhances the opening of the CFTR ion channel.
68
Methyelene Blue
treatment for methemoglobinemia
Converts Fe3+ --\> Fe 2+ (which can bind oxygen)
69
bisphosphonate
Alendronate, other -dronates, used for osteoporosis
Mechanism: Pyrophosphate analogs; bind hydroxyapatite in bone, inhibiting osteoclast activity
Side effects: osteonecrosis of jaw, esophagitis
70
isoniazid
Used in treatment of TB.
synthesis of mycolic acids. Bacterial catalase- peroxidase (encoded by KatG) needed to convert INH to active metabolite.
CYP450 inhibitor
Toxicity: Neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) can prevent neurotoxicity.
**"INH I**njures **N**eurons and **H**epatocytes"
71
Hypertensive emergency 1st line treatment
Sodium Nitroprusside
Mechanism: short acting; cGMP via direct release of NO.
Toxicity: Can cause cyanide toxicity (releases cyanide). Can give sodium thiosulfate to avoid the cyanide toxicity
72
Zero order elimination drugs
**PEA**
**P**henytoin
**E**thanol
**A**SA
- Rate of elimination is constant regardless of Cp.
- Cp decreases linearly with time
73
Drugs that cause agranulocytosis
"**G**angs **CCC**rush **M**yeloblasts and **P**romyelocytes"
Ganciclovir (cytomegalovirus)
Clozapine (atypical antipsychotic)
Carbamazepine (seizures, increase Na inactivation)
Colchicine (acute gout)
Methimazole (hyperthyroid)
Propylthiouracil (hyperthyroid)
74
cocaine mechanism and presentation
Blocks reuptake of NE, DA, 5HT
Impaired judgement, pupillary dilation, hallucinations, paranoid ideas
Can cause coronary vasospasm
**NEVER** give β-blockers if cocaine intoxication is suspected (can lead to unopposed α1 activation and extreme hypertension).
75
finasteride, dutasteride
Finasteride- Type II
Dutastride- Type I and II
(I: non-genital skin, liver, bone. II: urogenital tissue, hair follicles)
5-alpha reductase inhibitors inhibit conversion of testosterone to Dihydrotestosterone
-useful in BPH and male pattern baldness
Adverse: decreased libido, ejaculatory or erectile dysfunction
76
Leuprolide
GnRH analog with agonist properties
when used in pulsatile fashion; antagonist properties when used in continuous fashion (downregulates GnRH receptor in pituitary FSH/LH).
use: prostate cancer, precocious puberty in boys
Adverse: HA, nausea, hypogonadism with prolong treatment. If use for prostate cancer, will have FLARE SYMPTOMS due to initial rise in Testosterone causing BONE PAIN and UTI sx
77
Bicalutamide, Flutamide
Androgen receptor antagonist
Use: hirsutism of polycystic ovarian syndrome, prostate carcinoma.
Adverse: androgen deprivation effects (loss of libido, gynecomastia), transient abnormal LFT
78
Spironolcatone
Inhibits steroid binding, 17α-hydroxylase, and 17,20-desmolase. (androgen receptor antagonist)
(ALSO aldosterone antagonist in cortical collecting tubule used as a K sparing diuretic. Used in HF due to aldosterone receptors on heart to avoid remodeling of cardiac tissue)
- used to treat polycystic ovarian syndrome to reduce androgenic symptoms.
- side effects of gynecomastia and amenorrhea, hyperkalemia
79
Enfuvirtide and Maraviroc
Enfuvirtide: Binds gp41, inhibiting viral entry.
- Both used in HAART therapy for HIV.
- Maraviroc binds CCR-5 on surface of T cells/monocytes, inhibiting interaction with gp120.
80
phenoxybenzamine
**non-selective alpha-blocker** used in the treatment of a **Pheochromocytoma**
(remember triad of HA, diaphoresis, tachycardia)
- used preoperatively to prevent hypertensive crisis.
- can give **Bblockers AFTER\*\*\* alpha blockers**, or use a Calcium channel blocker instead
- surgery is ultimate solution to pheo
81
Folate (B9) deficiency can be caused by what durgs?
phenytoin, sulfonamides, methotrexate
82
Amantadine
increase dopamine release and increase dopamine reuptake; also used as an antiviral against in influenza A (not really used anymore, unless specific indication) and rubella
toxicity = ataxia, livedo reticularis (mottled reticulated vascular pattern that appears as a lace-like purplish discoloration of the skin)
83
84
Treatment of Addison's Disease
exogenous glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, hydrocortisome), and mineralcorticoids (fludrocortisone)
85
Drug that reduces the transmission of HIV from mother to child
Zidovudine (ZDV) (Retrovir) reduces vertical transmission by \>70%
Competitively inhibit nucleotide binding to reverse transcriptase and terminate the DNA chain (lack a 3′ OH group)
86
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Old drug that used to be used during pregnancy.
- Leads to clear cell adenocarcinoma or adenosis and abnormal smooth muscle leading to ectopic pregnancy
- Mothers with DES exposure increased risk breast carcinoma
Stoped using in 1970's
-no effect in sons
87
88
Buproprion (Welbutrin, Zyban)
atypical antidepressant that is also used for smoking cessation
Toxicity: stimulant effects, **seizures in anorexic/bulimic pts.**
89
Griseofulvin
- an antifungal agent that binds to alpha/beta tubulin dimers and disrupts the spindle apparatus **(interferes with microtubule function)**
- Oral treatment of superficial infections; inhibits growth of dermatophytes (tinea, ringworm)
- Teratogenic, carcinogenic, confusion, headaches, **cytochrome P-450 INDUCER** and warfarin metabolism.
90
Fenoldopam
**D1 agonist** (increases cAMP) used to treat **hypertensive emergencies**
NO effect on alpha or beta\*\*
-Causes coronary, peripheral, renal, and splanchnic vasodilation. BP, natriuresis (leading to increased sodium and H20 excretion)
91
Treatment of Malignant Hypertension (5)
- Nitroprusside (vasodilation via NO --\> cGMP)
- Fenoldapam (D1 agonist)
- Clevidipine (CCB)
- Labetalol (non-selective B-blocker)
- Nicardipine (CCB)
92
Calcium Channel Blockers dihydropyridines vs non-dyhydropyridines
- dihydropyridines--\> block L-Type calcium channels in SMOOTH muscle. ex: Nifedipine
- non-dyhydropyridines --\> block L-type calcium channels in CARDIAC muscle. ex: verapamil, diltiazam. Decrease cardiac output by decreasing intracellular calcium influx
93
Side effect of nitroprusside
How to avoid?
used to treat a hypertensive emergency, can result in Cyanide toxicity. Causes inhibiton if mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase in the electron transport chain
Add thiosulfate to avoid problem
94
Mechanism of Acyclovir
-Acyclovir is an acyclic nucleoside analogue
Uses **viral** thymidine kinase for first phosphorylation.
It is **selevtively phosphorylated** by HSV-infected cells.
- A competitive inhibitor of DNA polymerase, causes chain termination.
- For second and third phosphorylation, can use **cellular** thmidine kinases
Related to Vaclacyclovir and Famciclovir
95
Tranylcypromine, Phenelzine
MAO-I
-Increase level of amine neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, 5-HT, dopamine).
**-Hypertensive crisis** (most notably with ingestion of **tyramine**, which is found in many foods such as wine and cheese); CNS stimulation.
Contraindicated with SSRIs, TCAs, St. John’s wort, meperidine, dextromethorphan (**to prevent serotonin syndrome).**
96
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy (with 1 antiviral and 1 antifungal) and why
**SAF**e **C**hildren **T**ake **R**eally **G**ood **C**are.
**S**ulfonamides --\> kernicterus
**A**minoglycosides --\>ototoxicity
**F**luoroquinolones --\> cartilage damage
**C**larithromycin --\>embryotoxic
**T**etracyclines --\>Discolored teeth, inhibit bone growth
**R**ibavirin (antiviral) --\> Teratogenic
**G**riseofulvin (antifungal) --\> Teratogenic
**C**hloramphenicol --\> Grey baby syndrome
97
Sotalol
NON-selective beta blocker that has both Class II (bb) and Class III (potassium channel blocking) antiarrhythmic properties
The other Class III potassium channel blockers are: **Amiodarone, Ibutilide, Dofetilide, Sotalol.**
**-Used to prevent reentry SVT**
98
First line treatment of absent seizures
Ethosuximide
- blocks T-type calcium channels
- Can cause SJS
99
Clonidine
**-alpha 2 antagonist** that can be used as a third line for hypertensive pts.
- need to caution pts that removing patch suddently can lead to hypertensive crisis
- it can be given in the transdermal patch
- Can also be used for **ADHD** and **Tourette's**
Side effects: rebound hypertension, dry mouth, constipation, ED, sleep disturbances, HA, confusion (for this reason this drug is only used in pts who have failed or cannot tolerate other therapies)
100
Interferon alpha uses
Called Leukocyte Interferon
Used for:
Chronic hepatitis B and C
Kaposi sarcoma
Hairy cell leukemia
Condyloma acuminatum
Renal cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma.
101
102
Treatment of Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia
STOP HEPARIN, start DIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITOR
-development of IgG antibodies against heparin- bound platelet factor 4 (PF4). Antibody-heparin-PF4 complex activates platelets thrombosis and thrombocytopenia.
103
Treatment of Von-Willebrand Disease
- **Desmopressin**, which releases Von-willibrand factor stored in endothelium
- synthetic analog of ADH used to treat or prevent severe bleeding
- Remember the sx of VWD is easy bruising, menorragia, epistaxis. AD disease
104
Cromolyn Sodium
Mast cell stabilizer used for asthma prophylaxis (prevents mass cell degredation)
105
clonidine
**sympatholytic (a2 agonist)**
used in hypertensive urgency
ADHD
Tourette synrome
(decrease BP by decrease symp tone)
106
alpha-methyldopa
sympatholytic (a2 agonist)
Used for hypertension in pregnancy
Can cause SLE-like syndrome
107
Phenoxybenzamine
Alpha-blocker that is nonselective (irreversible)
Used in pheochromocytoma (preoperatively) to prevent catecholamine crisis
Can cause orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachy
108
Phentolamine
Nonselective alpha blocker (reversible)
Give to pts on MAO-I who eat tyramine containing foods
-Orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachy
109
Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin tamsulosin
**These are alpha-1 selective blockers**
They are used for urinary symptoms of BPH,
PTSH (prazosin)
Hypertension
Can cause first dose hypotension
STEP COPY
flashcards
Decks in class (36)
# Cards
-
MSK/Hematology88
-
Pharm109
-
Endocrine6
-
GI11
-
NMBE 13 practice test25
-
Bacteria and Abx97
-
Cardio/Neuro16
-
Firecracker practice test68
-
Embryology5
-
Genetics19
-
Pathoma Ch 1-256
-
Dermatology4
-
Multisystem20
-
Immunology16
-
Life Cycles32
-
ID29
-
Pathoma Ch 319
-
Pathoma Ch 13-14 Male Genital/Female Genital and Gestational23
-
Pathoma Vascular Pathology18
-
Pathoma Cardiac Pathology37
-
Renal2
-
UWorld first half441
-
Pathoma Pulm56
-
Pathoma Renal49
-
Pathoma Breast24
-
CNS Pathoma56
-
UWorld Practice Test #136
-
UWorld second half487
-
NBME 1742
-
UWORLD second pass48
-
Uworld self assessment #280
-
psych7
-
nbme 1930
-
studying random facts186
-
NBME 1833
-
last min facts129
