pharmacodynamics

Question 1

pharmacodynamics

Answer 1

what the drug does to the body

Question 2

pharmacodynamics is determined by: (2)

Answer 2

1. changes in the environment surrounding the cells
2. Change in cellular function

Question 3

effects via change in the environment surrounding cells

Answer 3

drugs can illicit effects by changing the environment surrounding the cells via physical or chemical means
–> does not bind to receptors to elicit effects

Question 4

change in the environment: physical processes

Answer 4

• changes in surface tension
• lubrification
• adsorption (binding to a drug)

Question 5

change in the environment: chemical processes

Answer 5

• neutralization
• change in pH
• changes in bodily fluids

Question 6

can a drug illicit pharmacological effects without binding to receptors?

Answer 6

yes –> changes in environment surrounding cells (physical or chemical)

Question 7

effects via change in cellular function

Answer 7

interactions occur between drugs and its site of action (target receptor) to illicit effects

Question 8

site of action (4)

Answer 8

a. specific cellular receptors - most common
b. enzyme
c. transporter
d. ion channel

Question 9

receptor

Answer 9

part of a cell or tissue to which a drug can bind and impart an effect

Question 10

ligand

Answer 10

the molecule (drug) that binds to a receptor

Question 11

affinity

Answer 11

the probability of a drug occupying a receptor at any given instant
(force of attraction between a receptor and a drug)

Question 12

receptors have _ capacity and _ affinity

Answer 12

low capacity, high affinity

Question 13

selectivity

Answer 13

degree to which a drug acts on a given target relative ot other sites

Question 14

agonism

Answer 14

when a drug binds to a receptor –> illicit a response

Question 15

antagonism

Answer 15

when a drug binds to a receptor –> does not illicit a response

Question 16

when is the effect of an antagonism felt?

Answer 16

the intensity of the effect depends on the concentration of agonist present in the system being antagonized
–> the more agonist present, the more the inaction of the antagonist is felt (rather than the action of the agonist)

Question 17

relationship between the size of an administered dose and the intensity of the response produced

Answer 17

dose is directly proportional to the activity of the receptors –> the intensity of the response

Question 18

increased dose =

Answer 18

increased activity of the receptors –> increased response (effect)

Question 19

decreased dose =

Answer 19

decreased activity of the receptors –> decreased response (effect)

Question 20

the relationship between the size of an administered dose and the intensity of the response produced determines (3)

Answer 20

1. maximum drug needed to reach therapeutic minimum
2. maximum response each drug can elicit (max number of receptors)
3. how much to increase the dose to produced the desired increase in response

Question 21

Efficacy

Answer 21

–> dose
the largest effect (response) a drug can produce

Question 22

Potency

Answer 22

–> response
the amount (dose) of a drug that must be given to elicit an effect
(dose needed to reach therapeutic minimum)

Question 23

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)

Answer 23

managing medication regime with the help of measured drug concentrations to keep drug levels within a therapeutic range

Question 24

what can TDM provide information on? (3)

Answer 24

1. patient compliance
2. drug interactions
3. dosing adjustments required

Question 25

when should sampling occur to measure maximum drug plasma concentration?

Answer 25

1-2 hours post administration

Question 26

when should sampling occur to measure minimum drug plasma concentration?

Answer 26

just prior to/ 1 hours before next dose

Question 27

purpose of therapeutic drug monitoring

Answer 27

to ensure drug plasma levels are within therapeutic index

Question 28

what drug classes are often monitored with TDM?

Answer 28

1. analgesics
2. antimicrobials
3. anticonvulsants
4. chemotherapeutics
5. bronchodilators
6. cardiovascular drugs
7. immunosuppressant drugs

Question 29

what class of drug is theophylline?

Answer 29

bronchodilator

Question 30

what class of drug is digoxin?

Answer 30

cardiovascular

Question 31

what class of drug is cyclosporine?

Answer 31

immunosuppressant

Question 32

what class of drug is vancomycin?

Answer 32

antimicrobials

Question 33

what class of drug is aminoglucosides?

Answer 33

antimicrobials