Pharmacology Basics

Question 1

staring on pg. 582 on Scorebuilders

Question 2

Bioavailability

Answer 2

*% of a medication that makes it into the systemic circulation from the original site.

• Low bioavailability = small % of drug actually reaches target site. This does not increase

Question 3

Therapuetic index (TI ratio)

Answer 3

• compares the TD50 to the ED 50. [TD50/ED50]
• TD50 dose at which 50% of pt adverse effects
• ED50 dose at which 50% of pts demonstrate beneficial effect from meds
• Low ratio = medication is less safe and more likely to cause adverse side effects (requires more monitoring)

Question 4

Half-life

Answer 4

• rate of elimination of meds from the body.
• Long-half life = meds will be in body for longer period of time
• Affects how frequently it needs to be administered

Question 5

Potency

Answer 5

• dose of meds that produce a specific response within the body.
• High potency = less meds will be needed for beneficial effect.

Question 6

Dose-response curve:

Answer 6

• graphic respresentation of relationship b/n doseage of drug and body’s response to the drug.
• As dosage increases, more receptors for drug become activated which increases bodys response to drug
• After a certain dosage the body’s response will plateau

Question 7

Pharmacodynamics:

Answer 7

• study of how a drug exerts its therapeutic effect of the body at the cellular or organ level

Question 8

Pharmacotherapeutics:

Answer 8

• deals with preventing, treating, and diagnosing diseases.

Question 9

Oral administration of drugs

Answer 9

• most common and easiest method for administering a drug.
• Allows for gradual increase in drug levels within the body.

Question 10

Sublingual drug administration

Answer 10

• passage through sublingual mucosa or buccal mucousa
• After absorbed travels from venous circulation directly to the heart and enter systemic circulation.
• faster intro of a drug with acute pain and allows drugs to bypass the liver so they are not overly metabolized before reaching target tissue

Question 11

Rectal drug administration

Answer 11

• suppository in rectum and absorbed in rectal cavity
• good for those who can’t take drugs orally (unconscious or vomiting)
• Also bypass liver
• Not absorbed as well.

Question 12

Enteral administration

Answer 12

Using the GI tract for administration of a drug

Oral, sublingual, or rectally

Question 13

Parenteral administration

Answer 13

• does not involve the GI tract.

Question 14

Inhalation drug administration

Answer 14

• if they are gaseous or aerosol form
• good since lungs have lg surface area for absorption and there for the drug can enter systemic system quickly
• Often used with pulmonary pathologies
• Can irritate the respiratory tract

Question 15

Topical drug administration

Answer 15

• drugs are poorly absorbed through skin into systemic circulation
• reserved for treating localized skin, ear, eye or nose disorders

Question 16

Transdermal drug administration

Answer 16

• slow, controlled release of drug into the circulation over long period of time.
• typically used with patches (fetanyl).
• Iontophoresis and phonophoresis also use this

Question 17

Injection drug administration

Answer 17

• Used to administer either locally or systemically.
• Disadvantage is its invasic and can cause infections.

Question 18

Intravenous drug administration

Answer 18

• injection into a peripheral vein to enter bloodstream.
• Advantage: can enter circulation and reach target tissue rapidly
• Disadvantage: can be dangerous is inaccurate dosage is given.
• considered 100% bioavailable.

Question 19

Intra-arterial drug administration

Answer 19

• injection into an artery so it can travel directly to target tissue.
• difficult to perform
• used with chemotherapy

Question 20

Subcutaneous drug administration

Answer 20

• injection of drug under the skin.
• Useful for slow release of meds into the systemic circulation is required (ex insulin)

Question 21

Intramuscular drug administration

Answer 21

• often used when treating localized muscular problems (botulinum toxin for spasticity).
• Absorbed more rapidly than subcutaneous injection though there is still a slow steady release of the drug into systemic circulation
• disadvantage: tend to cause localized m soreness and pain at site of injection.

Question 22

Intrathecal drug administration

Answer 22

• injection into a sheath (such as subarachnoid space of spinal meninges)
• advantageous because allows for intro of drug into the CNS without passing the BBB