which portion of nervous system is under voluntary control?
The skeletal muscle motor nerve portion
what neurotransmitter at each of following sites: autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular junction, and most sympathetic ends?
neuromuscular junction- acetycholine
automonic ganglia- acetycholine
most sympathetic end sites- norepinephrine
where the muscarinic receptors are found?
at parasympathetic nerve terminal site
what is the effect of cholinergic stimulation of airway smooth muscle?
bronchoconstriction
what is effect of adrenergic stimulation on the heart?
increase the force and rate of contraction
classify the drugs pilocarpine, physostigmine, propranolol, and epinephrine?
pilocarpine-direct-acting cholinergic
physostigmine- - indirect acting cholinergic
propranolol- adrenergic blocking agent
epinephrine- adrenergic agonist
how do indirect-acting cholinergic agonist produce its action?
indirect acting parasympathomimetic such as neostigmine, inhibits the enzyme cholinesterase, which increases the amount of acetycholine available to stimulate postsynaptic sites at the nerve terminal
what effect would drug atropine have on the eye and on airway smooth muscle?
atropine is a competitive blocking the agent for muscarinic receptor. The drug would block the eye circular iris muscle to dilate the pupil paralyze the ciliary muscle to flatten the lens and antagonize cholinergically induced bronchoconstriction in the airway.
what is general difference between alpha and beta receptor in sympathetic system?
the alpha receptors generally cause excitation and constriction. But the beta receptors cause most
likely relaxation and inhibition.
what is primary mechanism for termination the neurotransmitter acetycholine and norepinephrine?
acetycholine is metabolize by cholinesterase enzyme, but norepinephrine is reabsorbed back into presynaptic neuron. and inactivated by enzyme of COMT and MAO
what is the predominant sympathetic receptor type found on airway smooth muscle?
beta 2 recptor
identify the adrenergic receptor preference for phenylephrine, norepinephrine, and isoproterenol?
phenylephrine - alpha receptor
norepinephrine- alpha is more than beta receptors
epinphrine- alpha and beta receptors
isoproterenol- beta receptro
what is the auto regulatory receptor on the sympathetic presynaptic neuron?
alpha 2 receptor
classify following drugs by autonomic class and receptor preference: dopamine, ephedrine, albuterol, phentolamine, propranolol, and prazosin?
dopamine- sympathomimetic ephedrine- sympathomimetic albuterol- sympathomimetic phentolamine- alpha sympatholytic pronpranolol- beta sympatholytic prazonsin - sympatholytic
what is the auto regulatory receptor on the parasympathetic presynaptic neuron at the terminal nerve site?
the muscarinin receptor subtype m1
contrast alpha 1 and alpha 2?
alpha 1 receptor effects are usually excitory and on the other hand alpha 2 effect is usually inhibitory.
what substance maybe in neurotransmitter in NANC inhibitory nervous system in the lungs?
Vasoactive intestinal peptide or possibly nitric oxide
what substance the neurotransmitter in nanc excitatory nervous system in the lung?
substance P
sympathetic system
has more wide spread effect when stimulated, and short preganglionic effect and long post gangiolic
also helps to cope with stress
parasympathetic
more discrete and finely regulated
neurotransmiter at sympathetic
Ach at the ganglionic synapse and norepinephrine at the neuroeffector site
adrenergic
a drug that stimulates a receptor for nor epinephrine for example isoprateronol
muscarinic effect
stimulation of cholinergic receptors at the parasympathetic terminal
reversible inhibitor
are used of myasthenia gravis
