Pharmacology: Katzung Intro to autonomic pharmacology Flashcards Preview

Pharmacology- Katzung (Spring 2019) COPY > Pharmacology: Katzung Intro to autonomic pharmacology > Flashcards

Flashcards in Pharmacology: Katzung Intro to autonomic pharmacology Deck (45)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Where do parasympathetic preganglionic fibers originate?

A

In cranial nerve nuclei III, VII, IX, and X.

2
Q

Where to preganglionic sympathetic fibers originate from?

A

T1-L5 spinal nerves.

3
Q

What nerve fibers are cholinergic?

A

All preganglionic fibers, All parasympathetic fibers and most somatic fibers.

4
Q

What are the four aspects of neurotransmitter function?

A

(1) Synthesis and storage
(2) Release
(3) Termination of action
(4) Effects

5
Q

How is acetylcholine synthesized?

A

Acetylcholine is synthesized by acetyl-CoA (produced in the mitochondria) and choline (transported via choline acetyl transferase)

6
Q

What is the rate limiting step of ACh synthesis?

A

The transport of choline via acetyltransferase

7
Q

What drug inhibits choline transport?

A

Hemicholinium

8
Q

What is vesamicol?

A

vesamicol is a research drug that blocks the transport of ACh into vesicles by the transporter VAT.

9
Q

How are ACh laden vesicles released?

A

Calcium influx stimulates vSNARES (VAMPs) to associate with tSNARES (SNAPs). This interaction causes the vesicles to fuse with the terminal cell membrane and release the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

10
Q

What major toxin can block the fusion of vesicles with the cell membrane?

A

Botulinum Toxins

11
Q

How is ACh action terminated?

A

Acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft cleaves acetylcholine into acetate and Choline. Choline may then be reabsorbed by the cell.

12
Q

Why aren’t many drugs targeted at acetylcholine release/production?

A

Because too many different kinds of nerves use acetylcholine. The action would not be specific enough and there would be adverse effects.

13
Q

What is the primary adrenergic neurotransmitter?

A

Norpepinephrine.

14
Q

What are some secondary adrenergic neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine in sweat glands and vasodilatory fibers in skeletal muscle. As well as Dopamine in renal blood vessels.

15
Q

How is norepinephrine synthesized?

A

Tyrosine –> DOPA –> Dopamine –> Norepinephrine (inside vesicle

16
Q

What is the rate limiting step of Norepinephrine synthesis?

A

Tyrosine –> DOPA (by tyrosine hydroxylase)

17
Q

What inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase?

A

Metyrosine

18
Q

What is the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the nerve ending?

A

MAO on mitochondria inactivates a portion of the Dopamine and the norepinephrine. MAO inhibitors will increase the stores of transmitters in the nerve terminals.

19
Q

What is the mechanism of reserpine?

A

Reserpine inhibits that transport of norepinephrine into vesicles. This depletes the neurotransmitter stores.

20
Q

How is norepinephrine released from adrenergic nerve terminals?

A

Calcium influx causes vSNARES to associate with tSNARES. This interaction causes the vesicles to fuse with the membrane and release the neurotransmitters.

21
Q

How is norepinephrine reabsorbed?

A

NET or DAT transporters move catecholamines from the cleft into the cells. Inside the cells the catecholamines may be metabolized by MAO or COMT.

22
Q

What are cotransmitters?

A

Neurotransmitters other than the acetylcholine and norepinephrine that may be released from nerve endings. They typically function in modulation of synaptic interactions.

23
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors located?

A

Nicotinic receptors are located on ion channels in ganglia and skeletal muscle end plates.

24
Q

Where are alpha adrenergic receptors found?

A

(1) vascular smooth muscle
(2) Presynaptic nerve terminals
(3) blood platelets
(4) Lipocytes
(5) Neurons.

25
Q

Where are beta adrenergic receptors found?

A

(1) Most smooth muscle
(2) Cardiac muscle
(3) some presynaptic nerve terminals
(4) Lipocytes
(5) Brain

26
Q

What is the specific location, mechanism and function of M1 (muscarinic) receptors?

A

M1 receptors are found in Nerve endings. They are Gq coupled which increases IP3 and starts a DAG cascade.

27
Q

What is the specific location, mechanism and function of M2 receptors?

A

M2 receptors are found in the heart and some nerve endings. They Gi coupled and decrease cAMP thus activating K+ channels.

28
Q

What is the specific location, mechanism and function of M3 receptors?

A

M3 receptors are found on effector cells in smooth muscle, glands, and endothelium. They are Gq coupled and increase IP3 which starts a DAG cascade.

29
Q

Where are Nn receptors located and how do they function?

A

Nn receptors are found in ANS ganglia and they function by opening ion channels and evoking action potentials.

30
Q

Where are Nm receptors located and how do they function?

A

Nm receptors are found in neuromuscular end plates. They open ion channels and evoke action potentials.

31
Q

Where are alpha1 receptors located and how do they function?

A

alpha1 receptors are found in effector tissues such as smooth muscle and glands. They are Gq mediated and cause an increase in intracellular Ca leading to contraction or secretion.

32
Q

Where are alpha 2 receptors located and how do they function?

A

Alpha 2 receptors are found in nerve endings and some smooth muscle. They are Gi mediated therefore they decrease cAMP. They function to decrease transmitter release in nerves or cause contraction in smooth muscle.

33
Q

Where are beta 1 receptors located and how do they function?

A

beta 1 receptors are located in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, and cardiac muscle. They are Gs mediated (increase cAMP) and they increase HR, contraction force, and renin release.

34
Q

Where are beta 2 receptors located and how do they function?

A

Beta 2 receptors are located in smooth muscle, liver, and heart. They are Gs mediated and they relax smooth muscle, increase glycogenolysis, and increase HR and contraction force.

35
Q

Where are beta 3 receptors located and how do they function?

A

Beta 3 receptors are located in adipose cells and are Gs mediated. They increase lipolysis.

36
Q

Where are most dopamine receptors located?

A

In the CNS.

37
Q

Where are D1 receptors located and what is their function?

A

D1 receptors are located in smooth muscle. They are Gs mediated and they relax renal vascular smooth muscle.

38
Q

Where are beta 3 receptors located and how do they function?

A

Beta 3 receptors are located in adipose cells and are Gs mediated. They increase lipolysis.

39
Q

Where are most dopamine receptors located?

A

In the CNS.

40
Q

Where are D1 receptors located and what is their function?

A

D1 receptors are located in smooth muscle. They are Gs mediated and they relax renal vascular smooth muscle.

41
Q

Which branch of the ANS is dominant in the eye? or in the heart?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system is the dominant input in both the heart and the eye.

42
Q

How doe local feedback work in nerve terminals?

A

Nerve terminals often have autoreceptors that bind neurotransmitter released from that same cell. These receptors then either stimulate or inhibit the further release of neurotransmitter from that terminal.

43
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

(1) Heart
(2) vascular endothelium
(3) Smooth muscle
(4) Presynaptic nerve terminals
(5) Exocrine glands

44
Q

What drug can block the release of catecholamine filled vesicles?

A

Guanethidine

45
Q

How is the action of norepinephrine terminated?

A

Norepinephrine action is terminated by reuptake rather than metabolism

Decks in Pharmacology- Katzung (Spring 2019) COPY Class (51):