Pharmacology of Angina and ACS Management Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Pharmacology of Angina and ACS Management Deck (32)
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1
Q

How to reduce myocardial oxygen demand

A
  • reduce afterload
  • reduce preload
  • reduce contractility
  • reduce heart rate
2
Q

How restore supply to ischemic tissue?

A

Prevent further thombosis:
- anti-thrombin (unfractionated heparin) + anti-platelet (ASA)

Reopen the occlusion

  • percutaneous catheter intervention (angioplasty, stent)
  • surgical (Coronary Artery Bypass Graft)
  • pharmacological (fibrinolytics- activate the body’s clot- busting system)
3
Q

Things that aggravate platelets

A

serotonin, epi, thromboxane A2, ADP, collagen, thrombin, tissue factor

4
Q

What does UFH block?

How does it do this?

A
  • Factor Xa and thrombin

- UFH binds endogenous antithrombin

5
Q

What does ASA block?

A

ASA blocks thromboxane A2 production

6
Q

What percentage of people do just fine on UFH+ASA therapy and how to guess who won’t?

A

~80%,
~20% need better intervention
Guess using risk stratification worksheet

7
Q

What is a better alternative to UFH?

A

low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). It has had it’s sticky bits cleaved so it works better

8
Q

What is the most important side-effect with anti-coagulants?

A
  • you can bleed out
9
Q

3 most important anti-platelets (besides ASA) and what they inhibit

A

clopidogrel
prasugrel
ticagrelor

**all block ADP mediated activation of platelets

10
Q

What is the effect of bleeding during MI?

Who is most at risk to bleed?

A
  • increases risk of mortality

- female, low BMI, increased age are all independent predictors of bleeding

11
Q

How to stabilize plaques

A
  • use cholesterol lowering drugs to prevent recurrent thrombosis
12
Q

Which anti-cholesterols are known to reduce mortality?

A

-only statins

13
Q

Effects of statins

A
  • lower serum [LDL]
  • increase LDL receptor –> uptake
  • anti-inflammatory
  • anti-oxidative
14
Q

Vasodilatory drugs used in ACS

A
  • CCB
  • B-blocker (via decreased renin release)
  • ACEi and ARBs
15
Q

Drugs that reduce contractility in ACS

A
  • CCB

- B-blocker

16
Q

Drugs that reduce heart rate in ACS

A
  • CCB

- B-blocker

17
Q

Drugs that reduce preload in ACS

A
  • diurectics

- nitroglycerin

18
Q

Drugs that increase the fibrillatory threshold

A

-B-blockers

19
Q

When to avoid the use of B-blockers/CCB?

A
  • if in acute heart failure
  • if bradycardic already

-could precipitate cardiogenic shock

20
Q

Differences in AT1 and AT2 receptor actions

-which does ARB block?

A

AT1: vasoconstriction, cell growth, Na retention, SNS activation, oxidative stress

AT2: vasodilation, antiporliferative, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic

**ARBs block AT1

21
Q

The general treatment principles of ACS

A

1) relieve the obstruction
2) reduce inflammation to reduce recurrent events
3) reduce myocardial oxygen demand to limit the damage from ischemia

22
Q

Symptom relief in ACS

A
  • nitroglycerin

- analgesics (e.g. morphine)

23
Q

Examples of fibrinolytics

A
  • tissue plasminogen activator (t-Pa)

- tenecteplase (recombinant mutant of t-Pa)

24
Q

The Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) classification of angina

A

Grade I. Angina with extreme exertion
Grade II. Angina with more than two flight of stairs
Grade III. Angina with less than two flights of stairs
Grade IV. Angina at rest (unstable angina)

25
Q

New York Heart Association Classification of Heart Failure (NYHA)

A

I. symptoms with extreme exertion
II. symptoms with moderate exertion
III. symptoms with mild exertion
IV. symptoms at rest

symptoms: shortness of breath

26
Q

Management of stable angina (CCS I–>III)

A
  • Management is conservative and medical
  • Conservative includes lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, stress)
  • Medical includes anti-hypertensives, anti-platelets (ASA), perhaps B-blockers and acute treatment of nitroglycerin
27
Q

Is management of unstable angina (CCS IV), NSTEMI, STEMI conservative, medical or invasive/surgical?

A

Usually medical (see other cards) and invasive.

Percutaneous Catheter Intervention can result in angioplasty, drug-eluting stents, or subsequent CABG

28
Q

DDx of chest pain

A
  1. Cardiovascular (acute MI, pericarditis, aortic dissection, aortic rupture)
  2. MSK (costochondral syndrome, cervical radiculitis)
  3. GI (GERD, peptic ulcer disease, esophageal spasm, biliary colic)
  4. Pulmonary (pulmonary thromboembolism, pneumothorax, pneumonia)
29
Q

How to differentiate NSTEMI and unstable angina

A
  • they cannot be distinguished on initial presentation

- UA will not have necrosis, so the cardiac enzymes will distinguish them

30
Q

How to differentiate ACS from other forms of chest pain

A

History- may have previous history

Pain quality, location, length (pain will be tightness, pressure, squeezing, may radiate up to the jaw, down the arm, and to the epigastrium, MI pain lasts about 1/2 an hour)

ECG

Cardiac enzymes (troponin I or T, CK-MB, lactate dehydrogenase)

31
Q

ACC/ AHA Staging of Heart Failure

A

Stage A: high risk
Stage B: structural heart disease, but no Sx
Stage C: structural heart disease with symptoms (previous or current)
Stage D: structural disease requiring special intervention

32
Q

Mechanisms of nitroglycerin action

A
  • decreased preload due to venodilation
  • increased perfusion pressure due to decreased preload and therefore decreased LVEDP
  • decreased afterload due to systemic vasodilation
  • increased flow due to coronary vasodilation (at higher doses)