photosynthesis

Question 1

use of energy from sunlight to form carbohydrates, performed by autotrophs

Answer 1

photosynthesis

Question 2

specializes for photosynthesis

Answer 2

mesophyll cells

Question 3

pores where gas exchange occurs

Answer 3

stomata

Question 4

organelles in mesophyll cells where photosynthesis occurs, contain outer, inner and intermembrane space

Answer 4

chloroplasts

Question 5

thick enzyme rich liquid that fills chloroplast

Answer 5

stroma

Question 6

in stroma, interconnected flattened membrane sacs that contain chlorophyll

Answer 6

thylakoids

Question 7

stacked parcel like structures

Answer 7

grana

Question 8

grana connectors, unstacked thylakoids

Answer 8

lamella

Question 9

liquid filled space between thylakoid membranes

Answer 9

thylakoid lumen

Question 10

absorbs light im blue violet & red regions and reflects and transmits green light

Answer 10

chlorophyll colour

Question 11

primary pigment, with METHYL group

Answer 11

chlorophyll a

Question 12

accessory pigment, with ALDEHYDE group

Answer 12

chlorophyll b

Question 13

porphyrin rinf with magnesium @ centre and a long hydrocarbon tail

Answer 13

structure of chlorophyll

Question 14

reflect yellow orange red

Answer 14

carotenoids

Question 15

reflect yellow orange

Answer 15

flavonoids

Question 16

reflect yellow

Answer 16

xanthopylls

Question 17

reflect red violet blue

Answer 17

anthocyanins

Question 18

convert solar energy to chemical energy, produce ATP and NADPH

Answer 18

light dependent reactions

Question 19

makes sugar from carbon dioxide

Answer 19

light independent reactions (calvin cycle)

Question 20

photoexcitation, electron transport, chemiosmosis

Answer 20

stages in light dependent reactions

Question 21

antenna complex with hundreds of accessory pigment molecules and reaction center of one or more chlorophyll a molecules

Answer 21

photosystem

Question 22

photon strikes pigment in ground state its electron undergoes excitation, electron transferred along antenna complex, until reaction center then electron is transferred to a primary electron acceptor which causes chlorophyll to be oxidized and primary electron acceptor to be reduced

Answer 22

photoexcitation

Question 23

occurs in some bacteria, involves photosystem I, reaction centre of photosystem I is P700, photon energizes antenna complex & transfers electron to p700 gets excited, electron goes to primary electron acceptor ferredoxin, p700 oxidized, ferredoxin reduced

Answer 23

cyclic electron flow 1

Question 24

chlorophyll a

Answer 24

reaction centre

Question 25

part of electron transport chain, proton pump

Answer 25

b6f complex

Question 26

occurs in photosynthetic plants

Answer 26

non cyclic electron flow

Question 27

how electrons are replaced in photosystem 2, water split into oxygen, H+ and 2 electrons, oxygen is released, H+ added to protein gradient and electrons replace lost ones in p680

Answer 27

z protein

Question 28

light independent reactions, occur in the stroma of the chloroplast, ATP and NADPH from light dependent used as reactants to reduce co2 into glucose (g3p)

Answer 28

calvin cycle

Question 29

carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of RuBP

Answer 29

calvin cycle stages

Question 30

large enzyme, works very slowly, most abundant protein on earth

Answer 30

rubisco

Question 31

when O2 is more plentiful in atmosphere than CO2, it binds more often and more easily to rubisco, occurs in light, does not produce ATP or sugar

Answer 31

photorespiration

Question 32

evolutionary photosynthesis environment used to have higher CO2 than O2 and active site of rubisco would take CO2, now O2 has increased and it binds more easily w rubisco

Answer 32

photorespiration occurs bc?

Question 33

hot dry day will drain up to 50% if carbon fixed by calvin cycle, will close stomata to prevent water loss but this limits photosynthesis, causing O2 to build up

Answer 33

photorespiration problem

Question 34

use calvin cycle to fix carbon, lose 25-50% of fixed carbon to photorespiration, evolve to live in moderate climates (15-25C) e.g. deciduous and coniferous trees rice wheat barley

Answer 34

c3 plants

Question 35

optimal temp 30-47C, live in tropical climates, incorporate CO2 into 4C organic compounds in mesophyll cells, uses PEP carboxylase which has a very high affinity to CO2 and cna fix CO2 even when levels are low, CO2 exported to bundle sheath cells which stores it

Answer 35

c4 plants

Question 36

cell to cell connections

Answer 36

plasmodesmata

Question 37

store water, optimal temp is 35C or higher, during night they open stomata and take in CO2, PEP carboxylase used to form organic acids, in day stomata is closed to prevent CO2 entering cells and water loss, calvin cycle occur

Answer 37

CAM plants