physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

What is maximum oxygen uptake (V O2 max)?

Answer 1

A measure of the body’s ability to take in and transport oxygen to various body organs.

Question 2

At what age does exercise capability begin to decline?

Answer 2

Between 35 and 40.

Question 3

When does strength peak in adulthood?

Answer 3

In the 20s and 30s.

Question 4

What happens to cellular elasticity with age?

Answer 4

Gradual loss of elasticity in most cells, including skin, muscle, tendon, and blood vessel cells.

Question 5

At what age does height loss become measurable?

Answer 5

40.

Question 6

What is the nature of weight changes in adulthood?

Answer 6

Nonlinear; weight reaches a maximum in middle adulthood and then gradually declines in old age.

Question 7

What occurs to skin elasticity around age 40?

Answer 7

Increase in wrinkles due to loss of elasticity.

Question 8

At what age does hair begin to thin and may grey?

Answer 8

About 50.

Question 9

What changes occur in heart and lung function around age 35 or 40?

Answer 9

Most functions do not show age changes at rest but do during work or exercise.

Question 10

What happens to the nervous system throughout adulthood?

Answer 10

Gradual loss of neurons in the brain and reduction in density of dendrites.

Question 11

When does the immune system begin to change?

Answer 11

In adolescence.

Question 12

What reproductive changes occur in women during their mid-30s?

Answer 12

Increased reproductive risk and lowered fertility.

Question 13

What is the role of B cells in the immune system?

Answer 13

Fight against external threats by producing antibodies.

Question 14

What decline occurs in T cells with age?

Answer 14

Decline in number and efficiency.

Question 15

What is crystallized intelligence?

Answer 15

Intelligence that depends heavily on education and experience.

Question 16

What is fluid intelligence?

Answer 16

Involves basic abilities that depend on the efficient functioning of the central nervous system.

Question 17

What happens to fluid intelligence as adults age?

Answer 17

It declines steadily, starting around age 35 or 40.

Question 18

What is primary aging?

Answer 18

Age-related physical changes that have a biological basis and are universally shared.

Question 19

What is secondary aging?

Answer 19

Age-related changes due to social and environmental influences, poor health habits, or disease.

Question 20

What is the relationship between socioeconomic status and health?

Answer 20

The degree of socioeconomic inequality of a country is related to the overall health of its citizens.

Question 21

What are Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY)?

Answer 21

A health indicator measuring the overall burden of disease.

Question 22

What does Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE) measure?

Answer 22

The average number of years a person can expect to live in good health.

Question 23

What are the four determinants of health?

Answer 23

• Socioeconomic factors * Health care system * Biology and genetics * Physical environment

Question 24

What happens to the thymus gland with age?

Answer 24

It declines dramatically in size and mass after adolescence.

Question 25

What is a significant risk for women in their 30s regarding pregnancy?

Answer 25

Higher risk of miscarriage and other complications.

Question 26

How does the brain mature into adulthood?

Answer 26

Through a cyclical pattern of rapid grey matter proliferation followed by synaptic pruning and myelination.

Question 27

At what age do men experience a gradual decline in viable sperm?

Answer 27

Beginning at about age 40.

Question 28

What effect does enhanced cognitive training have on the brain?

Answer 28

It can strengthen and maintain functional and structural brain connectivity.

Question 29

What are the two key organs in the immune system?

Answer 29

* Thymus gland * Bone marrow

Question 30

What happens to the brain's frontal lobes during early adulthood?

Answer 30

A major spurt in development occurs, enhancing formal operational thinking.

Question 31

What is the impact of biological embedding on health?

Answer 31

Social circumstances in early life can cause epigenetic modifications influencing health trajectories.

Question 32

What is the average health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) trend in Canada?

Answer 32

It has increased over the past few decades, more so for men than women.

Question 33

Fill in the blank: The brain continues to mature throughout _______.

Answer 33

[early adulthood]

Question 34

What is the cyclical pattern of normal brain development?

Answer 34

Rapid proliferation of grey matter followed by synaptic pruning and myelination ## Footnote Maturation of the brain occurs at different times and rates for specific regions.

Question 35

When do surges in grey matter occur?

Answer 35

During the first 18 months of life and just prior to puberty

Question 36

What significant educational gains have been made in post-secondary education?

Answer 36

Among women and Indigenous Canadians

Question 37

What is postformal thought?

Answer 37

Types of thinking associated with a hypothesized fifth stage of cognitive development

Question 38

Define relativism in the context of cognitive development.

Answer 38

The idea that some propositions cannot be adequately described as either true or false

Question 39

What is dialectical thought?

Answer 39

A form of thought involving recognition and acceptance of paradox and uncertainty

Question 40

What is reflective judgement?

Answer 40

The ability to identify the underlying assumptions of differing perspectives on controversial issues

Question 41

What is the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) in Canada?

Answer 41

One of the most common forms of violence against women; rates are 2.5 to 3.1 times higher for Indigenous than non-Indigenous women

Question 42

What characteristics are common among abusers in intimate partner violence?

Answer 42

* Tendency toward irrational jealousy * Need for dependency and control * Sudden mood swings * Quick temper * Aggressive behavior * High school drop-outs * Frequent unemployment * Alcohol or drug users

Question 43

What psychological effects can victims of IPV experience?

Answer 43

* Physical injury * Sexual and reproductive disorders * Homicide risk * Fear, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem

Question 44

What are the three levels of sexual assault defined by Canadian law?

Answer 44

* Level 1: sexual assault * Level 2: sexual assault with a weapon or resulting in bodily harm * Level 3: aggravated sexual assault

Question 45

What are the four factors that influence the addictive potential of a drug?

Answer 45

* How fast the effects are felt * How pleasurable the effects are * How long the pleasurable effects last * Discomfort experienced when the drug is discontinued

Question 46

What is the peak age range for alcohol abuse and drug addiction?

Answer 46

Between 18 and 40

Question 47

What health practices were identified in the Alameda County Study?

Answer 47

* Getting physical exercise * Not smoking * Drinking moderately * Avoiding over- or under-eating * Getting regular sleep

Question 48

What is the relationship between social support and health?

Answer 48

Adults with adequate social support have a lower risk of disease, death, and depression

Question 49

What is the impact of early adulthood risky behaviors on health?

Answer 49

Risky behaviors can lead to problems, despite early adulthood being a relatively healthy period

Question 50

What is the effect of optimism on medication benefits?

Answer 50

Optimists show larger benefits from medication than pessimists

Question 51

What is the highest risk age group for emotional disturbances?

Answer 51

Early adulthood

Question 52

What types of disorders are the most common in early adulthood?

Answer 52

* Anxiety disorders * Mood disorders, with depression being the most frequent

Question 53

What are some characteristics of personality disorders?

Answer 53

* Difficulty forming emotional attachments * Lack of empathy * Self-centeredness * Irregular emotional responses

Question 54

What is the effect of witnessing abuse on children?

Answer 54

It affects their development

Question 55

What contributes to the rates of partner violence?

Answer 55

Cultural attitudes

Question 56

What is the role of vigorous law enforcement in preventing IPV?

Answer 56

It can help reduce rates of intimate partner violence

Question 57

What are the psychological effects of being a victim of sexual violence?

Answer 57

* Development of sexual dysfunctions * Post-traumatic stress disorder * Long-lasting psychological effects

Question 58

What is the age range most affected by binge drinking?

Answer 58

20 to 34 years