Physics Flashcards by Rosie ORETAGU

how do you convert:
increasing e.g cm into m
decreasing e.g. l into ml

increasing = divide by 1000
decreasing = multiply by 1000

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what are the units for:
energy 
speed
force
power
temperature

Joules (j)
M/s
Newtons (N)
Watts (W)
Kelvin/ Degrees

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How do you convert
Kelvin to C
C to Kelvin

+273

-273

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What is work done

the energy transferred from one store to another

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What is the equation for work done?

WD= Force x change in displacement
WD= Pressure x change in volume/ velocity

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what is the equation for kinetic energy?

0.5 x mass x velocity squared

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what is the equation for elastic energy?

0.5 x spring constant x extension squared

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what is the equation for gravitational potential energy?

GPE= gravity x height x mass

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what is the definition for power?

power is the amount of energy transferred per second

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what is the equation for power?

power = work done/by time

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what is the equation for pressure?

pressure= force /area

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described how gas pressure is caused by?

particles that have a lot of kinetic energy

causes the particles to collide which exerts a force

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What is the ideal gas law equation?

pressure x volume = no. molecues x boltzmans constant x temperature

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what is the equation for Boyles law?

pressure x volume = constant

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what is thermal equilibrium?

when all states within a system are at the same temperature

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define temperature

the measure of average kinetic energy of particles

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what is the equation for specific heat capacity ( change in energy transferred)?

DELTA Q= M x C x DELTA T

mass x specific heat capacity x change in temperature

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What is the equation for specific latent heat? (energy transfer during change of state)

DELTA Q= m x l

Mass x specific latent heat

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What is the definition for specific heat capacity?

the energy required to change the temperature of 1 kg to 1K

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what is the definition of specific latent heat ?

the energy required to change state of 1kg of substance

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What is Latent fusion?

Change of state between solid and liquid e.g melting and freezing

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What is latent vaporisation?

Change of state between liquid and gas e.g boiling and condensing

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What is internal energy?

the sum of kinetic and potential energy of particles

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What is the equation for the 1st law of thermodynamics?

Delta U = Q-W

Change in internal energy = heat added to the system - work done by the system

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What is an adiabatic reaction? | 3 factors

- no net transfer of heat - Q = 0 - the temperature can be changed

What is an isothermal reaction? | (3 factors)

- constant internal temperature - slow temperature change - Q = W

What does the 2nd law of thermodynamic state?

entropy (measure of disorder) always increases

Draw the Carnot cycle?

google it

What does boyles law state?

that N and T are constant and that P and V are constant

What is the definition of elasticity?

the ability for an object to stretch and then go back to its original shape

What does Hooke's Law state?

states that force and extension are directly perportional

What is the equation for Hooke's law?

F = K x DELTA X | Force applied = spring constant x change in length (extension)

When is a gradient obeying Hookes law?

when the gradient is directionally perportional

In Hookes law what does the gradient of the graph show?

shows the spring constant

In Hookes law what does the area below the graph show?>

Shows how much work is being done

Draw and label a force extension graph?

google | must include limit of proportionality, yield point and breaking stress

Define stress?

The force per unit area of a material

What is the equation for stress?

stress = force / cross sectional area

What is the unit for stress?

N/M2

Define strain?

extension per unit length

What is the equation for strain?

extension / original length

What is the unit for strain?

no unit

What is the equation for young's modulus?

E= stress / strain

Define young's modulus?

measures stiffness of the material (stiffness constant)

Draw the graph for young's modulus?

google

What does the gradient represent on the young's modulus

it represents how stiff the material is

Up to what point of the youngs modulus apply to ?

the limit of proportionality.

Define brittle?

hard but liable to break (little or no plasticity)

Define ductile?

the ability to be shaped by plastic flow under tension

Define creep deformation?

slow version of plastic deformation but at a high temperature

Define malleable?

ability to be shaped by plastic flow under compression

Define fatigue?

weakness in a metal or other materials caused by repeated variations of stress

Define ultimate tensile stress?

highest stress a material can sustain just before it breaks

Define yield strength?

The stress at which plastic deformation starts

Define density?

amount of substance per unit volume

Equation for density?

``` P = M / V density = mass / volume ```

Define fluid

a substance that has no fixed shape and yields easily to an external force

Describe a laminar flow?

- parallel path flows - slow and constant - less air resistance

Describe a turbulent flow?

- irregular flow - fast but inconsistent - more air resistance

Describe viscosity?

the state of being thick, sticky, and semi-fluid in consistency

What is the unit for viscosity?

kgm-1s-1

What are the 3 factors that affect viscosity?

- temperature - molecular structure - pressure

How does temperature affect viscosity of a liquid?

as temp increases the viscosity of the liquid lowers as it becomes easier for molecules to slide past each other

how does temperature affect a gas?

the increase in kinetic energy created collisions

What are newtonian fluids?

- predictable response to force | - consistent viscosity

What are non-newtonian fluids?

- unpredictable response to force | - inconsistent viscosity

``` Describe diliant (shear-thickening) how does the viscosity change? ```

changes viscosity when a force is applied | viscosity rises with a rise in shear strain

``` Describe pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) how does the viscosity change? ```

when you apply a force it gets thinner | viscosity decreases with a rise in shear strain

Describe rheopectic | how does the viscosity change?

-time dependent when applying stress fluid gets thicker when no stress it starts to get thin -more viscous when stressed

Describe thixotropic | how does the viscosity change?

- fluids thin gradually on stirring then slowly reset | - less viscous overtime when stressed

Describe Bingham plastics | how does the viscosity change?

- behaves like a solid at low stress but above a yield stress they begin to flow - solid at low stress and as a viscous fluid at higher stress