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respiration > physiology 1/2 > Flashcards

physiology 1/2 Flashcards

1
Q

the 4 functions of the respiratory system are

A

Puppies In Snowy Garden

pH, Infection, Speech, Gas exchange

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2
Q

what direction dose the pulmonary artery go

A

Artery goes Away

A - A

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3
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary circulation

2

A

to deliver CO2 to the alveoli

to take O2 in the pulmonary veins back to the systemic circulation

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4
Q

how does this differ from the systemic circulation

2

A

the pulmonary circulation does not supply nutrients to the lungs

veins and arteries are the ‘‘wrong way around’’

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5
Q

when does speech occur

A

expiration

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6
Q

what is the average volume of oxygen exchanged a minute

A

250 ml

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7
Q

what is the average volume of CO2 exchanged

A

200 ml

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8
Q

where is URT/LRT divide

A

At the larynx after the vocal chords

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9
Q

why do healthy people at rest breath through their nose

2

A

don’t need excess air - don’t need mouth

nasal cavity warms and moistens air

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10
Q

where is the last point of NO gas exchange in the lungs

A

the terminal bronchioles

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11
Q

where is the first place of gas exchange where do these lead to

A

the respiratory bronchioles

the alveoli

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12
Q

what can contract to decrease airway diameter

A

bronchial smooth muscle

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13
Q

what happens when a airway is contracted

A

decreased diameter = increased resistance

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14
Q

what happens when a airway relaxes

A

increased diameter = decreased resistance

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15
Q

where is the most resistance to air flow

why??

A

the ‘‘conducting zone’’
(trachea, bronchi, bronchioles)

road analogy - big roads have lots of traffic where as small roads have less

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16
Q

what cells are present in an alveoli structure

A

type 1 pneumocytes
type 2 pneumocytes
endothelial cells of capillary, alveolar macrophages

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17
Q

what do type 1 pneumocytes do

A

make up the majority of alveolar cell walls

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18
Q

what do type 2 pneumocytes do

A

secrete the suricant that lines in the inside of the alveoli

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19
Q

what is anatomical dead space in relation to the respiratory system

A

space in which gas exchange cannot occur (i.e. the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles)

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20
Q

what role dose the mucosa play in the function of the respiratory tract? (3)

A

moistens air on inhalation

traps particles

larger area for cilia to act on (i.e macrophage escalator)

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21
Q

from what cells is mucosa produced

A

goblet cells

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22
Q

what is the name of your throat

A

pharynx

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23
Q

what small flap of tissue prevents food going down your trachea

A

epiglottis

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24
Q

what is the larynx

A

the voice box, contains vocal chords

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25
Q

what does Boyles law state

A

that the pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

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26
Q

what is a pleural cavity

A

the space on the ‘‘inside of the balloon’’ between the visceral and parietal pleura

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27
Q

what is pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleura

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28
Q

what pleural membrane toughs the lung

A

the visceral pleural membrane

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29
Q

what pleural membrane touches the ribcage

A

the parietal pleural membrane

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30
Q

what is inside the pleural cavity

A

intrapleural fluid

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31
Q

what is the function of the intrapleural fluid

A

to lubricate the lungs

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32
Q

what is the intrapleural pressure

A

P = -3 mmHg

COMPARED TO ATMOPHERIC PRESSURE

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33
Q

what direction dose the elastic recoil pull the:

  • lungs
  • chest wall
A

the elastin within the lung tissue means that the lungs want to recoil inwards

and the chest wall wants to spring outwards

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34
Q

what muscles are used for inspiration

A

Diaphragm

External (BREATH OUT)Intercostal

sternocleidomastoid (NECK - forced inspiration)

Scalenes (raise ribs 1 and 2)

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35
Q

what muscles are used for expiration at rest

A

NONE!!! in a healthy person

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36
Q

what muscles are used during forced expiration

A

internal intercostal muscles

abdominal muscles

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37
Q

what attaches lungs to the rib cage

A

the cohesive force between the two pleura due to the intrapleural fluid

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38
Q

what are the two ‘‘handle’’ motions of the ribs

A

Pump handle and bucket handle

39
Q

what happens in a pneumothorax

A

when the intrapleural pressure (-3) is lost and the lung recoils to its unstretched size

40
Q

what is P(A)

A

intra-thoracic alveolar pressure can be -VE or +VE compared to the atmosphere

41
Q

what is P(ip)

A

intra pleural pressure can only be -VE

42
Q

what is P(T)

A

it is always +VE as P(T) = P(A) - P(ip)

43
Q

describe the pressure changes in the lungs during reparation

A

Pip decrease from -3 down during inspiration and back up to -3 during expiration

PA fluctuates from -VE to a plateau then +VE

going from inspiration to expiration

44
Q

what happens when Patmos = PA

A

there is no air movement

45
Q

what is the major determinant of airway resistance

A

the radii of the airways

46
Q

what is the approximate volume of dead space (PER LUNG)

A

approximately 150ml

47
Q

what is vital capacity

A

the MAX volume of air that can be shifted through a set of lungs

48
Q

what is FEV1

A

Force Expired Volume over 1 second

49
Q

what is the residual volume

A

the volume of air that cannot be expired

50
Q

what is alveolar ventilation

A

the volume of fresh air getting into the alveoli - partaking in gas exchange

51
Q

why is breathing only 70% efficient

A

due to the 30% of air in dead space

52
Q

what does partial pressure state

what doses this lead to

A

the sum of gasses = the pressure of the atmosphere

PO2 and PCO2 being proportional to each other

53
Q

what gas is one gas in the atmosphere we don’t breath in

A

CO2

54
Q

what is the innate gas that we breath in - what happens

A

nitrogen

it does nothing, unless you get decompression sickness (the bends)

55
Q

what is surfactant

A

a detergent like fluid that mikes the air in with it, produced by type 2 pneumocytes

56
Q

what dose surfactant do

3

A

reduces surface tension on alveolar surface membrane

increases Compliance and breathing is easier

prevents alveolar collapse

57
Q

where is surfactant more effective - why?

A

in smaller alveoli (nearer the top)

as the concentration is greater leading to more ‘‘mixing’’

58
Q

when does surfactant production start/end - why is this important

A

starts at 25 weeks
ends at 36 weeks

premature baby might not have fully developed surfactant

59
Q

what do premature babies develop due to surfactant production not being complete?

A

infant respiratory distress syndrome

60
Q

what is high compliance

A

large lung volume increase for little P(ip) increase

61
Q

what is low compliance

A

small lung volume increase for large P(ip) increase

62
Q

in general what dose compliance suggest

A

the stretchability of the lung

63
Q

what is Emphysema

A

loss of elastic tissue in the lung

requires more work on expiration

64
Q

what is fibrosis

A

stiffer tissue that increase the effort of inspiration

lower compliance

'’string that stops the elastic band from expanding’’

65
Q

where is the greatest change in lung volume in proportion to the change in P(ip)

A

at the base of the lung

66
Q

what declines from base to apex of the lung

A

alveolar ventilation, compliance (due to being more compressed because of lung weight)

67
Q

what is the difference in FRC between the alveoli in the base vs apex

A

the Functional Residual Capacity is higher in the alveoli in the apex due to their low compliance and lack of weight on them

68
Q

what is FRC

A

Functional residual capacity is the volume of air left in the flung after passive tidal respiration

69
Q

what is restrictive lung disease

A

restriction of lung expansion

70
Q

what is obstructive lung disease - when?

A

obstruction of air flow - especially on expiration

71
Q

what causes fibrosis tissue formation (2)

A

Idiopathic

Asbestos

72
Q

what is a common lung function test

A

spirometry

73
Q

what should a health FEV1/FVC be

A

80%

74
Q

what is a fit healthy adult males FVC

what would the FEV1 be

A

Forced Vital Capacity = about 5 litres

about 4 litres

75
Q

how can FEV1/FVC be misleading

A

restrictive lung disease can lead to the same percentage yet a lower volume

76
Q

what is an adult males total lung capacity (PER LUNG)

A

approximately 3 litres each

77
Q

which primary bronchi is slightly wider than the other

A

the right is wider shorter and slightly straighter

78
Q

which si the first airway to loose their cartilaginous rings

A

bronchioles have no carilagnous rings

79
Q

what goes between the alveoli/ normally in the interstisium - why

A

elastic fibres

increase recoil

80
Q

why does inspiration occur

A

thoracic volume increases

alveolar pressure decreases

air rushes in = inspiration

81
Q

during what stage of respiration is airflow resistance the greatest

A

during inspiration

82
Q

what is the rough estimate for residual volume

A

1200ml

83
Q

what is roughly tidal volume

A

500ml

84
Q

when the word capacity is used

A

it means there are more than one volume combined

85
Q

what is tidal volume

A

the volume of air breathed in and out after every breath

86
Q

what is roughly the expiratory reserve volume

A

1100ml

87
Q

what is the functional residual capacity

A

2300ml

88
Q

what is the roughly inspiratory reserve volume

A

3000ml

89
Q

what is roughly vital capacity

A

4600ml

90
Q

what dose the graph of fibrosis look like

A

normal but long and stretched out

91
Q

what does the graph of emphysema look like

A

a budge out the back showing extra work is required

92
Q

what would obstructive spirometry be

A

worse % = 40

93
Q

what would restrictive spirometry be

A

could be normal even good %= 90

jut not enough

respiration (17 decks)

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