Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1. Principles > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does distruption in homeostasis result in?

A

disease or death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where do physiologocal control systems occur?

A

cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does positive feedback control do?

A

amplify the inital change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does negative feedback control do?

A

oppose the initial change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is feedforward control?

A

responses made in anticipation of a change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What makes up the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol
Proteins
Carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the phospholipid bilayer?

A
  • Hydrophilic, polar, -vely charged head
  • Hydrophobic, non-polar, uncharged tail
  • Gives fluidity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does cholesterol affect the plasma membrane?

A

gives it stability and stiffens it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the 3 different types of proteins and where you would find them in the plasma membrane?

A

Integral – embedded in bilayer – receptors
Transmembrane – extend through membrane – transporters/channels
Peripheral – do not penetrate membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the 2 kinds of cell adhesion molecules?

A

Cadherins – hold cells within tissues together

Integrins – span membrane acting as link between extra and intra cellular environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does Ficks Law of diffusion relate to?

A

Magnitude of concentration gradient
Surface area of the membrane across which diffusion is taking place
Lipid solubility of the substance
Molecular weight of the substance
Distance through which diffusion must take place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe Osmosis?

A
  • Net diffusion of water down its concentration gradient

- Aquaporins are water channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Osmolarity?

A

concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution

- Body fluids ~300mOsm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Tonicity?

A

effect a solution has on cell volume
Iso/hypo (cells swell)
hyper (water diffuses out of cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Facilitated diffusion?

A
  • No energy required
  • Carrier-mediated
  • Still from highlow concentration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

-Energy required
-Against a concentration gradient – low high
-Primary
Energy directly required
-Secondary
Energy required, but not used directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the 2 mechanisms of secondary active transport?

A

Symport – co-transport
Solute and Na+ move in the same direction
Antiport – exchange or countertransport
Solute and Na+ move in opposite directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the Na/K ATPase?

A

3 Na out

2 K in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the role of the Na/K ATPase?

A

Establish Na and K concentration gradients across the plasma membrane

Regulate cell volume by controlling concentration of solutes inside the cell

Energy used to drive the pump indirectly serves as energy source for secondary active transport

20
Q

Describe endocytosis?

A

Membrane pinches off to engulf substance

21
Q

Describe exocytosis?

A

Vesicle fuses with membrane, releasing contents to ECF

22
Q

What is Em?

A

Membrane potential: separation of opposite charges across the membrane
Units: mV

23
Q

Describe the equilibrium potential for K?

A
  • When concentration gradient and electrical gradient balance each other
  • Membrane potential at Ek is -90mV
24
Q

What is the equilibrium potential for Na?

A
  • when membrane potential at ENa is +61mV
25
Q

What equations work out equilibrium potentials?

A

Nernst equation

Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation

26
Q

What does insulin turn glucose, amino acids and fatty acids into?

A

Glucose -> glycogen
Fatty acids -> triglycerides
Amino acids -> protein

Glucagon does the opposite

27
Q

What hormones control glucose in starvation?

A 
Cortisol (adrenal) 
growth hormone (pituitary)
28
Q

What hormones control glucose in emergencies?

A

adrenaline

29
Q

What hormones control glucose in absorptive and post absorptive states?

A

Insulin

glucagon (pancreas)

30
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes?

A

o Early onset
o Little/no insulin secretion
o Defect in beta cells
o Insulin injections required

31
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes?

A

o Adult onset
o Insulin secretion may be normal
o Defect in insulin sensitivity
o Diet/exercise/oral drugs

32
Q

Describe the features of baroreceptors

A

located in Aortic Arch and Carotid Sinus
sensitive to stretch, firing rate increases when MAP increases and decreases when MAP decreases
only respond to acute changes

33
Q

What is normothermia?

A

normal core body temperature (37.8)

34
Q

What are the normal ear drum and rectal temperatures?

A
  • Ear drum (35.5 – 37.5)

- Rectal (36.7 – 37.5)

35
Q

What is metabolic heat gain?

A

o Basal Metabolic Rate – basic level of heat production
Can be increased by hormones – adrenaline, noradrenaline, thyroxine
Muscle activity can be increased enormously (shivering)

36
Q

What is conduction of heat gain?

A

transfer of heat between objects in contact

Dependent on temperature gradient and thermal conductivity

37
Q

What is convection of heat gain?

A

Transfer of heat energy by air currents, combines with conduction

38
Q

What is radiation of heat gain?

A

Emission of heat energy in the form of electromagnetic waves

39
Q

What are the two kinds of evaporation of heat loss?

A

Passive – water passively diffuses from surface of the skin and the linings of the respiratory airways
Active – sweating controlled by sympathetic nervous system

40
Q

What does the posterior hypothalamus detect?

A

cold
o Vasoconstriction
o Increased muscle tone
o Shivering

41
Q

What does the anterior hypothalamus detect?

A

warmth
o Vasodilatation
o Sweating (sympathetic stimulation)
o Decreased muscle tone

42
Q

What temperature distinguishes fever?

A

38-40

43
Q

What temperature distinguishes hyperthermia?

A

40 or above

44
Q

What temperature distinguishes hypothermia?

A

below 35

45
Q

Decribe the mechanism of fever?

A

Macrophages release chemicals which act as an endogenous pyrogen >
Stimulates Hypothalamus to release Prostaglandins >
This ‘resets’ the thermostat to higher temp >
Hypothalamus initiates mechanism to heat the body (cold response) >
Thermostat reset to normal if pyrogen release is reduced/stopped.

1. Principles (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions