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Flashcards in Physiology Lab Section Deck (191)
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1
Q

force that acts to minimize the surface area of an interface between two fluids

A

surface tension

2
Q

substance which reduces the difference in energy possessed by a fluid molecule surrounded by other molecules of the same fluid compared to one at the interface which has to interact with molecules of the other fluid

A

surfactant

3
Q

soap molecules are blank because they have one end that interacts well with water and another that doesn’t

A

amphipathic

4
Q

amount of pressure inside the bubble (P) can be related to surface tension (T) and the radius of the bubble (r) by this equation

A

Laplace equation… P=2T/r

5
Q

Fick’s equation

A

J = -DA(dC/dx)

6
Q

J

A

net flux of a solute

7
Q

A

A

cross sectional area through which diffusion occurs

8
Q

dC/dx

A

concentration difference between two points separated by distance x

9
Q

D

A

diffusion coefficient for the diffusing molecule

10
Q

automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus

A

reflex

11
Q

component parts of a reflex arc

A

stimulus, sensory receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector

12
Q

localized effect in reaction to a stimulus

A

paracrine effect

13
Q

three functions of reflexes

A

protective, homeostasis, clinical

14
Q

conscious response to a stimulus

A

reaction

15
Q

example of paracrine response

A

inflammation

16
Q

stretch reflex of patellar tendon

A

tendon jerk

17
Q

plantar reflex also used in babies and is called blank

A

Babinski

18
Q

pupillary light reflex is also called

A

accomodation

19
Q

balance test that tests several equilibrium reflexes

A

Romberg test

20
Q

spinning reflex

A

nystagmus

21
Q

when the other eye responds like the other eye even though it isn’t exposed to stimulus

A

consensual reflex

22
Q

reflex when the back of the neck is pinched

A

ciliospinal

23
Q

golgi tendon organ function

A

sense muscle tension

24
Q

muscle spindle receptors function

A

sense muscle length

25
Q

if a reflex is above the neck then the integrating center is the blank

A

brain

26
Q

three efferent pathways

A

general somatic, general visceral, special visceral

27
Q

four afferent pathways

A

general somatic, general visceral, special visceral, special somatic

28
Q

efferent pathway that carry motor impulses out of brain or spinal cord to skeletal muscles and cause them to contract

A

general somatic

29
Q

efferent pathway that carry motor impulses out of brain or spinal cord to smooth muscles and glands associated with internal organs

A

general visceral

30
Q

efferent pathway that carry motor impulses out from brain to muscles used for chewing, swallowing, speaking, and facial expression

A

special visceral

31
Q

afferent pathway that carry sensory impulses to brain or spinal cord from receptors in skin and skeletal muscles

A

general somatic

32
Q

afferent pathway that carry sensory impulses to brain or spinal cord from blood vessels and internal organs

A

general visceral

33
Q

afferent pathway that carry sensory impulses to brain from olfactory and taste receptors

A

special visceral

34
Q

afferent pathway that carry sensory impulses to brain from receptors for sight, hearing and equilibrium

A

special somatic

35
Q

four things that we have receptors for

A

touch, pain, hot, cold

36
Q

four types of receptors

A

tactile, thermal, nociceptors, proprioceptors,

37
Q

receptor for mechanical pressure

A

tactile

38
Q

receptor for warm and cold

A

thermal

39
Q

receptor for pain

A

nociceptor

40
Q

receptor for position and movement

A

proprioceptors

41
Q

two pathways for transmission of sensory signals

A

anterolateral, dorsal

42
Q

pain and crude touch sensory pathway

A

anterolateral

43
Q

touch and pressure sensory pathway

A

dorsal

44
Q

dorsal pathway runs up blank lateral then crosses over in blank

A

dorsal, medulla

45
Q

sensory cortex that has discrete areas that receive somatic, visual, auditory, and gustatory sensations

A

neocortex

46
Q

neocortex also has areas for control of blank

A

movement

47
Q

neocortex receptors are not blank

A

evenly distributed

48
Q

two types of special senses

A

photoreceptors, auditory receptors

49
Q

in the eye, light waves change blank via blank

A

membrane potential, photoreceptors

50
Q

photoreceptor at night and low in detail

A

rods

51
Q

photoreceptor during day and high in detail and color

A

cones

52
Q

area of best vision

A

fovea

53
Q

distant objects… the lens ciliary muscles blank, lense becomes blank, and suspensor ligament gets blank

A

relax, thinner, tight

54
Q

close objects… the lens ciliary muscles blank, lens becomes blank, and suspensor ligament gets blank

A

contract, fatter, loose

55
Q

adjustment of focus to compensate for distance

A

accomodation

56
Q

minimum distance you can focus and gets greater with age

A

near point discrimination

57
Q

lens becomes less elastic and difficult to focus near images

A

presbyopia

58
Q

near sightedness

A

myopia

59
Q

far sightedness

A

hyperopia

60
Q

eyeball is too blank in near sightedness… blank lenses fix this, and image is focus in blank of fovea

A

long, concave, front

61
Q

eyeball is too blank in far sightedness… blank lenses fix this, and image is focus in blank of fovea

A

short, convex, back

62
Q

ear transduces sound waves to blank

A

mechanical

63
Q

blank cells in ear respond to mechanical waves

A

hair

64
Q

sound wave of one frequency

A

tone

65
Q

how we measure sound intensity

A

decibel

66
Q

study in which experimental subjects unknowingly become control subjects, and vice versa, at some point in the study

A

double blind crossover

67
Q

in blank all the carrier sites are occupied and further increasing the concentration of solute will have no effect on the rate of diffusion

A

saturation

68
Q

The uneven clustering of cutaneous receptors in order to provide sensitivity to body areas that need it most

A

punctate distribution

69
Q

describes the state of vision where an object at infinity is in sharp focus with the eye lens in a neutral or relaxed state

A

emmetriopia

70
Q

is the progressive activation of a muscle by successive recruitment of contractile units (motor units) to accomplish increasing gradations of muscle contraction

A

motor unit recruitment

71
Q

these next few are receptor, effector, function

A

okay

72
Q

inflammation

A

damaged skin cells, vasodilation to let blood in to repair cells, homeostasis

73
Q

tendon jerk reflex

A

muscle spindles stretching, quadricep muscle, homeostasis

74
Q

plantar reflex

A

touch receptor, plantar flexors, protection

75
Q

blink reflex

A

photoreceptors, orbicularis muscles, protection

76
Q

pupillary light reflex

A

photoreceptors, iris, homeostasis

77
Q

romberg test

A

photoreceptors/vestibules, core muscles, homeostasis

78
Q

ciliospinal reflex

A

nociceptors, iris, clinical

79
Q

swallow reflex

A

touch, esophagus smooth muscles, homeostasis

80
Q

eye convergence reflex

A

photoreceptors, extrinsic eye muscles, protection

81
Q

corneal reflex

A

touch/pain, orbicularis muscles, protection

82
Q

nystagmus reflex

A

endolymph fluid (vestibular), extrinsic eye muscles, homeostasis

83
Q

functional unit of a contraction

A

sarcomere

84
Q

thin filament

A

actin

85
Q

thick filament

A

myosin

86
Q

actin contains these two things

A

troponin and tropomyosin

87
Q

muscle contraction blank muscle while blank slides over blank

A

shortens, actin, myosin

88
Q

single quick contraction of muscle

A

simple twitch

89
Q

three phases of contraction

A

latent, contraction, relaxation

90
Q

four events of latent period

A

stimulus applied, ach released into synaptic cleft, ach binds to receptors on muscle, depolarization along sarcolemma, action potential, action potential goes down t tubules through the sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions are released into sarcoplasm, calcium ions bind to troponin

91
Q

latent period looks like blank on graph

A

flat line

92
Q

contraction is the blank

A

formation of cross bridges between actin and myosin

93
Q

longest phase

A

relaxation phase

94
Q

why is relaxation phase longest

A

active transport requires atp so it is most complex

95
Q

event during relaxation phase

A

calcium ions removed from troponin and pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum

96
Q

spatial summation is aka

A

recruitment

97
Q

muscle is made of many blank units

A

motor

98
Q

motor unit goes by the blank law

A

all or none

99
Q

each motor unit has a different blank

A

threshold

100
Q

strength of a contraction is due to the blank of the blank

A

sum, motor units

101
Q

an increase in strength of muscle contraction due to summation brought about by increasing strength of the stimulus by recruiting more motor units

A

spatial summation

102
Q

temporal summation is aka

A

tetanus

103
Q

individual fibers contract more blank if stimuli come blank together

A

strongly, closer

104
Q

tetanus is due to increasing blank of stimulus

A

frequency

105
Q

response of a skeletal or cardiac muscle to one single action potential

A

twitch

106
Q

place where the nerve enters the body of that muscle

A

motor point

107
Q

this depends on antigens on the surface of RBC and antibodies in your serum

A

blood type

108
Q

molecule recognized by body as being foreign

A

antigen

109
Q

immunoglobulins that are special proteins produced and secreted by B-lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen

A

antibody

110
Q

an antibody consists of these threee things

A

binding site, 2 heavy chains, 2 light chains

111
Q

when antigen and antibody react blank occurs

A

agglutation

112
Q

agglutation is blank

A

clumping of blood

113
Q

special class of white blood cell that produces antibodies

A

B-lymphocyte

114
Q

B-lymphocytes develop in the blank

A

bone marrow

115
Q

this cell secretes antibodies

A

plasma cell

116
Q

this cell remembers antigens

A

memory cell

117
Q

called the d antigen

A

rh factor

118
Q

when fetal blood is attacked by mothers anti Rh antibodies

A

erythroblastosis fetalis

119
Q

erythroblastosis is prevented by blank

A

Rhogam

120
Q

if wrong type of blood is transfused then it is

A

rejected

121
Q

two types of agglutation

A

minor, major

122
Q

agglutation where donor blood has antibodies that react with recipient but have little effect

A

minor agglutation

123
Q

agglutation where recipients have antibodies that attack donor blood

A

major

124
Q

universal recipient

A

AB

125
Q

universal donor

A

O

126
Q

produced by pumping action of heart into arterial blood vessels

A

blood pressure

127
Q

volume of blood ejected per beat

A

stroke volume

128
Q

beats per minute

A

heart rate

129
Q

amount of blood pumped per minute

A

cardiac output

130
Q

map means

A

mean arterial pressure

131
Q

TPR means

A

total peripheral resistance

132
Q

CO means

A

cardiac output

133
Q

cardiac output formula

A

CO = Stroke volume x heart rate

134
Q

blank must overcome blank to drive blood

A

pressure, resistance

135
Q

resistance is due to blank between blood and walls of vessels

A

friction

136
Q

another cardiac output formula

A

CO = MAP / TPR

137
Q

Mean arterial pressure formula

A

1/3 (systolic - diastolic) + diastolic

138
Q

peak arterial pressure

A

systole

139
Q

minimum pressure

A

diastole

140
Q

blood pressure is affected by blank and blank

A

cardiac output, total peripheral resistance

141
Q

higher cardiac output raises blank

A

systolic pressure

142
Q

higher total peripheral resistance raises blank

A

diastolic pressure

143
Q

diagnostic tool to evaluate the heart and measures electrical activity

A

EKG

144
Q

the pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

145
Q

Sequence of electrical activity of heart

A

SA node in right atrium, left atrium, AV node, Bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, spreads over ventricle surface

146
Q

be able to label an EKG graph

A

okay… in notes

147
Q

normal PR range in seconds

A

.12 - .2

148
Q

normal QRS range

A

<.1

149
Q

normal QT range

A

<.4

150
Q

P is the

A

depolarization of atria

151
Q

QRS is the

A

depolarization of the ventricle

152
Q

T is the

A

repolarization of the ventricle

153
Q

if PR is prolonged it means a problem with blank and is called a blank

A

conduction through AV node, first degree heart block

154
Q

if QRS is prolonged it means blank and is usually due to blank

A

slower speed of stimulus through ventricles, block in bundle branches

155
Q

if QT is prolonged it can be due to these two things

A

drugs, low Ca or K ions, hypothermia, myocardia/ischemia

156
Q

prolonged QT tends to predispose patient to blank

A

ventricular arrhythmias

157
Q

shortened QT can be due to these two things

A

drugs, high serum Calcium ions

158
Q

this is when ventricular systole is skipped

A

2nd degree heart block

159
Q

You see blank with no blank in a 2nd degree heart block

A

P, QRS

160
Q

this is when there is no conduction through the AV node

A

3rd degree heart block

161
Q

3rd degree heart block is when blank waves do not agree with blank

A

P, QRS

162
Q

this is when there are premature beats arising in ventricles

A

premature ventricular contraction

163
Q

premature ventricular contraction occurs when the ventricles are not blank

A

stimulated simultaneously

164
Q

asynchronous contraction of the heart

A

fibrillation

165
Q

atrial fibrillation shows a blank pattern in place of blank waves on an EKG and is blank life threatening

A

irregular wavy, P, not

166
Q

ventricular fibrillation shows no blank but shows blank on an EKG and is blank life threatening

A

cardiac output, irregular waves, very

167
Q

the first heart is due to the closing of blank and occurs during blank on the EKG

A

AV valves, qrs

168
Q

the second heart is due to the closing of blank and occurs blank on the EKG

A

semilunar valves, after T

169
Q

heart rate and pulse speed should blank during inspiration

A

increase

170
Q

heart rate and pulse speed should blank during expiration

A

decrease

171
Q

during the valsalva maneuver venous return initially blank which causes the baroreflex to blank heart rate. then the amount of blood flow blank because of the maneuver which causes a blank in heart rate due to the baroreflex

A

increases, decrease, decreases, increase

172
Q

re breathing air from a plastic bag increases the amount of blank which causes the baroreflex to blank heart rate

A

CO2, increase

173
Q

the higher the ventricular blank, the higher the blank

A

volume, pressure

174
Q

these two waves could overlap if someone exercises hard enough in an ECG

A

p and t

175
Q

the angle of the heart increases during blank and decreases during blank

A

inspiration, expiration

176
Q

normal angle of the heart

A

60 degrees

177
Q

FEV1 is the blank

A

volume of air expired during first second of FVC measurement

178
Q

fvc is the blank

A

forced vital capacity

179
Q

during inspiration the blank contracts which creates a blank thoracic cavity

A

diaphragm, larger

180
Q

enlarged thoracic cavity leads to a blank in pressure in the pleural space and alveoli

A

decrease

181
Q

Palv means the pressure inside the blank

A

alveoli

182
Q

Pple means the pressure inside the blank

A

pleural space

183
Q

pressure gradient across lung wall

A

transpulmonary pressure

184
Q

transpulmonary pressure equation

A

PT = Palv - Pple

185
Q

Ppl is always blank due to blank property of lung and chest wall

A

negative, elastic

186
Q

transpulmonary pressure is always blank in normal breathing

A

positive

187
Q

normal FEV1 / FVC is about blank

A

80%

188
Q

increased airway resistance especially during expiration in this disease

A

obstructive

189
Q

in obstructive disease blank flow is obstructed

A

expiratory

190
Q

in an obstructive disease FEV1 / FVC is blank

A

decreased

191
Q

in blank lung disease blank is restricted and FEV1 / FVC is blank

A

restrictive, inflation, normal