Plants structure and Function Flashcards

Question

what are the functions of each part of phloem

Answer 1

**Functions** 1. Sieve elements: - transport organic compounds upwards and downwards (passive) - transport of plant hormones (e.g. cytokinins regulating cell division) 2. Phloem parenchyma: - (un)loading of compounds (active) - Supporting sieve elements 3. Sclerenchyma - Structural stability - defence (prevents insects and microbes from getting into the sugar rich zone of the phloem)

Answer 2

Dermal tissue: always on the outside (epidermis, periderm/bark) Vascular tissue (Xylem and phloem) leaf: network of veins Stem: vascular bundles Root: vascular cylinder in the middle Ground tissue leaf: mesophyll: palisade and spongy tissue Stem: cortex and pith Root: cortex and pith (not all roots have a pith)

Answer 3

A group of tissue systems that perform specific functions **Four plant organs:** - Roots - Stems - Leaves - reproductive organs **Two organ systems:** - Shoot system - Root system

Answer 4

- Root and stems have indeterminate growth - Leaves have determinate growth Roots and shoots have apical meristem that lead to primary growth Root apical meristems and Shoot apical meristem These are the points of growth and the end of a root or shoot

Answer 5

Basic functions include Anchorage, uptake of water and nutrients Root systems: Monocots have a fibrous root system Dicots have a taproot system

Answer 6

Very young roots have a central stalk with root hairs that branch off as an extension of a single cell. The root hairs give more surface area and allow water and nutrient intake. Also help anchor plant.

Answer 7

Green roots: some orchids or other plants can germinate on the bark or branches of other trees and can produce roots which anchor it to the host tree. They also produce green roots which can photosynthesize. Some can’t even produce proper shoots or leaves, just roots.

Answer 8

Strangling aerial roots: Certain plant seeds will germinate on top of an existing tree to get a height advantage. Then its roots grow down and around the pre-existing tree, killing it and using it as anchoring.

Answer 9

Pneumatophores: These are from trees that live in mangrove systems. They grow down into the ground, then back up into the air to provide oxygen to the roots since those are in anoxic mud.

Answer 10

Prop roots: Mechanically support a long tall stalk, but “propping” it up.

Answer 11

Storage roots: things like beets store food and water in their roots.

Answer 12

- Zone of differentation - Root hairs - vascular tissues - Zone of elongation - cell elongation - initial differentiation - dermal, ground, vascular - Apical meristem - Cell division (growth) - Root cap - Protection and soil lubrication (allowing growth)

Answer 13

Shoots include stems and leaves

Answer 14

the main central stalk of the plant

Answer 15

Both branch off laterally from the stem and can lead to leaves (vegetative) or reproductive structures like flowers (reproductive)

Answer 16

Leaves are made from a blade (leaf bit) and petiole (supporting stalk)

Answer 17

Nodes are points of attachment or branching for leaves, buds, and flowers Internodes are the spaces between nodes on the stem

Answer 18

From an apical meristem at the top of the shoot

Answer 19

They get older the further they are from the meristem, and they differentiate into dermal, ground, and vascular cells

Answer 20

Structures that develop right below the meristem and grow upwards above it, later becoming leaves. Help protect the meristem.

Answer 21

They have a ring of vascular bundles outside of the pith and inside the epidermis. Ground tissues connect the pith to the cortex (which is inside the epidermis) Can grow wider

Answer 22

Monocots have complex arrangements of vascular bundles scattered around inside the epidermis.

Answer 23

Rhizomes: The base of plants like iris which are a horizontal shoot just below the surface. Vertical shoots emerge from auxiliary buds on the rhizome.

Answer 24

Bulbs: Vertical underground shoots consisting mostly of the enlarged bases of leaves that store food. You can see the layers of modified leaves.

Answer 25

Tubers: like potatoes are modified stems used for storage

Answer 26

Stolons: like in strawberries run along the grounds and are used for vegetative propagation.

Answer 27

Axillary buds are at the base of the petiole and contribute to plant growth and reproduction by developing into branches.

Answer 28

Simple leaves have a single, undivided blade. Some are deeply lobed. Axillary bud at base. Compound leaves have a blade consisting of multiple leaflets. A leaflet has no axillary bud at its base.

Answer 29

The “Skin” of a leaf is called the cuticle. It has openings called stoma which are surrounded by guard cells. The Cuticle prevents water from evaporating and microorganisms from reaching the rest of the leaf.

Answer 30

Stoma allow gas exchange. Can be open or closed. More stoma are present on lower side of leaf.

Answer 31

Below the upper epidermis is the Palisade mesophyll where most photosynthesis occurs.

Answer 32

Below the palisade mesophyll is the spongy mesophyll. Veins (Xylem, Phloem, enclosed in bundle-sheath cells) pass through the spongy mesophyll. There are also fibres throughout the mesophyll, which give stability.

Answer 33

Cuticle + guard cells + epidermal cells = Dermal cells Palisade + Spongy mesophyll + bundle sheath cells = Ground cells Xylem + Phloem = Vascular cells

Answer 34

Bulbs have leaves for storage, make layers. Spines in cacti are leaves for defence (Photosynthesis in stem) Plants like pea plants have tendrals for climbing + stability (which are leaves) Mother of a thousand use leaves for reproduction, they drop off and can grow into plants.