PML L2 Flashcards
Common coding theory
According to this theory, the same cognitive codes that represent sensory events (perception) are also used to plan and execute actions.
The common coding approach aims to understand the internal processes that are
involved in perception and action; it argues that these processes (partly) overlap
Common coding: action-effect principle
Actions are planned
(represented) in terms of their sensory consequences
(sensory codes)
- instead of in muscle forces or kinematics (motor
codes)
Simon effect
action faster if action (response)
and perception (stimulus) locations ‘correspond’
– share spatial codes
Interference paradigm
Common coding predicts interference when perception and action use
same code at same
time –> tendency to imitate (mirror neurons)
This interference can slow down reaction times, increase errors, or make actions feel unnatural.
Mirror neurons
represent a class of neurons that
discharge when a monkey (including humans)
executes a motor act and when it watches another
individual perform the same motor act
Motor familiarity
how common coding predicts that motor skill learning improves
perception –> improving
action improves perception
reaction to stimulus works better when you also have this motor skill (familiar with movement)
External focus of attention
Actions are coded in terms with their effects
Observational learning
perception of action
helps production of action
- High similarity between model and learner
increases learning
(observational) modelling
Learners enhance action by watching others (i.e., models) with the purpose of
gathering information about the action
self modelling
- showing only your own best performances (positive self review)
- editing toward unattained, higher performance levels (feedforward modelling)
- Clark & SteMarie (2009)– Positive self-review leads to superior learning!!
Internal focus
Focus on the movement pattern
External focus
Focus on the effects of the movement
External focus of attention: constraint-action hypothesis
internal focus leads to
active intervention in movement control, disrupting
automatized processes
Comparing internal and external KP
external KP resulted in superior learning, and
the more frequent the better
Constrained-action hypothesis
internal focus leads to active intervention in
movement control, disrupting automized processed – external focus of attention is
better, because it interferes less
