Policy Implementation

Question 1

Policy Implementation is…by(3)

Answer 1

putting policies into practice by
1. training actors
2. changing preexisting systems
3. monitoring & enforcing

Question 2

To implement policies each perspective focuses on (4)

Answer 2

1. Models of bureaucracy
2. Characterisation of implementation
3. Models of implementation
4. Monitoring & Enforcement

Question 3

Rational Perspective
Bureaucracy

Answer 3

Mechanical (Weber)
· formalisation: based on rules & regulations and civil servants fulfilling their tasks
· standardisation: similar cases are addressed with the same schemes to promote equality
· centralisation: hierarchical system, everything is centralised and steered.

Question 4

Rational Perspective
Characterisation of Implementation

Answer 4

Top-down approach
· politics (goals & decisions) vs administration (carrying on tasks)
· perfect administration: civil servants knowing what to do because they have the resources and ability to do so

Question 5

Rational Perspective
Model of Implementation

Answer 5

Administrative
high certainty on knowledge and consensus on government intervention, goals & means
·however successful policy implementation depends on resource availability

Question 6

Rational Perspective
Monitoring & Enforcement

Answer 6

Single Loop Learning
only the top has the information to change the policy, policy redesign is unlikely to happen
· command & control

Question 7

Political Perspective
Bureaucracy

Answer 7

Street Level (Lipski): civil servants are in the frontline, implement policies directly however these can be modified depending on the circumstances (fairness & equality) -> policy discretion

Organic: actors’ ability (& professionalisation) to adapt to circumstances because there are shared responsibilities and mutual dependencies for policy to be successfully implemented

Question 8

Political Perspective
Characterisation of implementation

Answer 8

Bottom up
citizens having a prominent role when implementing policies allowing for policy redesign

Question 9

Political Perspective
Models of implementation

Answer 9

Political
· high certainty of intervention but low consensus on goals
· success depends on negotiation & political power based on advocacy coalitions & pooling resources

Question 10

Political Perspective
Monitoring & Enforcement (2)

Answer 10

Polycentric because there are many actors involved, this allows for focused monitoring & effective implementation & redesign

Naming & Shaming: implement policies when organisations’ promises are not fulfilled

Question 11

Cultural Perspective
Bureaucracy

Answer 11

Symbolic
collaborate among actors to agree on how and what to implement to prevent symbolic implementation
· government loses its capacities & influences

Question 12

Cultural Perspective
Characterisation & Model of Implementation

Answer 12

Symbolic
seldom policies are effectively implemented and what is expected from the policy is difficult to achieve
· policy redesign

Question 13

Cultural Perspective
Monitoring & Enforcement

Answer 13

Double Loop Learning
focuses on providing and receiving feedback for policy redesign focused on
· learning
· target groups
· enhancing dialogue

Question 14

Institutional Perspective
Bureaucracy

Answer 14

System Level
· change in path dependencies leading to institutional redesign
· ICT has greater prominence
· increase in autonomy and interdependency

Question 15

Institutional Perspective
Characterisation of Implementation

Answer 15

Institutional
path dependencies influence how policies are implemented, thus, being more reluctant to change

Question 16

Institutional Perspective
Models of Implementation

Answer 16

Pigeon Holing
is based on implementing efficient solutions on standardised schemes by categorising standardised schemes

Question 18

Institutional Perspective
Monitoring & Enforcement (2)

Answer 18

Polycentric: many actors involved

Institutionalised checks & balances for greater certification & reliability of policy implementation