Poll and assignment MT1 Flashcards by Kris Kriel

Which structure is NOT part of the upper airways?

A. Trachea
B. Larynx
C. Pharynx
D. Nasal cavity

A. Trachea

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In which region of the airways would airflow have the highest velocity?

A. Trachea
B. Bronchi
C. Bronchioles
D. All would have equal velocity of airflow

A. Trachea -zero divisions and only one exists with the smallest cross sectional area. Velocity of air flow is inversely proportional to total cross sectional area

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The majority of the exchange surface area within alveoli is made up of this type of cell:
a. Type 1 alveolar cell
b. Alveolar macrophage
c. Type 2 alveolar cell
d. none of the above

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For air to move into the lungs alveolar volume needs to _____ causing pressure in the alveoli to ______
a. Increase, increase
b. decrease, decrease
c. increase, decrease
d. decrease, increase
e. none of the above

c. Increase in alveolar volume decreases alveolar pressure below atmospheric pressure, resulting in air moving in (down pressure gradient)

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E. Functional residual capacity

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Which of the following is NOT a muscle used in quiet inspiration?
a. Internal intercostals
b. External intercostals
c. Diaphragm
d. Scalenes

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Puncturing the parietal pleura layer would cause intrapleural pressure to ____ leading to _____
a. become more positive, lung collapse
b. become more negative, lung collapse
c. remain the same, lung collapse
d. remain the same, no change in lung volume

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Reduced surfactant would make the lungs:
a. more compliant
b. less compliant
c. does not affect compliance

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The site of variable resistance within the respiratory system of a healthy individual occurs in the
a. trachea
b. bronchi
c. bronchioles
d. alveoli

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Which of the following is characterized by the excessive deposit of dense connective tissue around alveoli?

a. asthma
b. pulmonary fibrosis
c. emphysema
d. pneumothorax

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With increased ventilation independent of changes in perfusion, PO2 in the alveoli would _____ and PCO2 in the alveoli would _____

a. decrease, increase
b. increase, decrease
c. increase, increase
d. decrease, decrease

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Pulmonary and systemic arterioles both vasodilate in response to decreased O2 concentration

a. true
b. false

False

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Which of the following variables would cause a decrease in alveolar PO2 (assuming perfusion remains constant)

a. decreased airway resistance
b. decreases atmospheric O2 concentration
c. increased rate or depth of breathing
d. None of the above

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Why can you have hypoxia and not hypercapnia with pulmonary edema?

CO2 has increased solubility in fluide, increase in diffusion distance doesnt effect PCO2

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Which of the following will result in INCREASED diffusion between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

a. increased diffusion distance
b. increased barrier permeability
c. reduced concentration gradient
d. decreased surface area

b.
-Diffusion rate is proportional to (surface area) x (concentration gradient) x (barrier permeability)

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At rest our tissues only consume approximately 25% of the oxygen delivered to them

true

false

true

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25 hemoglobin molecules can carry a maximum of ____ O2 molecules

a. 5
b. 25
c. 50
d. 100

d. each Hb (tetramer) can carry 4 O2 molecules

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The amount of O2 in your systemic arterial blood depends on:

a. plasma O2
b. Hb content in each RBC
c. The concentration of RBCs
d. All of the above

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Which of the following can result in reduced O2 diffusion due to a decrease in surface area?

a. asthma
b. pulmonary fibrosis
c. emphysema
d. pulmonary edema

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The term that is simply defined as breathing is __________.
ventilation
respiration
inspiration
expiration

ventilation

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Which of the following is NOT a muscle that assists in the pressure changes associated with breathing?

Diaphragm
Scalenes
Pleural sac
Intercostal muscles

pleural sac

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Gas exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere occurs in the __________.

trachea
alveoli
bronchi
bronchioles

alveoli

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Which word or phrase means “the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs”?

Expiration
External respiration
Ventilation
Cellular respiration

ventilation

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What is a function of the pleural fluid?

To help oxygen diffuse into the blood

To humidify inhaled air

To keep the thoracic cavity from collapsing

To hold the lungs to the thoracic wall

to hold the lungs to the thoracic wall

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Which key property of the bronchi increases as the average diameter of the passageways decreases? (Hint: it also occurs in the arterial vasculature.) Wall thickness Cross-sectional area Fluid velocity (air in the lungs and blood in the vasculature) Radius

cross-sectional area

The CFTR channel is an anion channel that is dysfunctional in patients with cystic fibrosis. It is required for the proper production of mucus in the respiratory tract. Which anion moves through the CFTR channel? Phosphate Iron Chloride Sodium

Chloride

Which of the following correctly states the relationship known as Boyle's law? PV = nRT Partial pressure of a gas = Patm+ % of gas in atmosphere. P1V2 = P2V1 P1V1 = P2V2

p1v1=p2v2

What would the pressure of a gas become if its starting pressure was 6 mmHg in a volume of 30 L, and the volume decreased to 5 L? 1 mmHg 25 mmHg 36 mmHg The new pressure cannot be determined from the information given.

36 mmHg

As one moves up in altitude, the atmospheric pressure decreases. In Vail, Colorado (altitude 8022 ft or 2445 m), the atmospheric pressure is approximately 570 mmHg. What would the partial pressure of oxygen be in Vail? 21% 120 mm Hg 160 mm Hg The PO2 cannot be calculated from the available information.

120 mmHg

Which relationship between pressure and volume does the ideal gas law demonstrate? They are positively correlated. They are independent of one another. They are inversely proportional. They are directly proportional.

Inversely proportional

The additional air that you can exhale after a normal exhale is the __________. expiratory reserve volume tidal volume residual volume inspiratory reserve volume

expiratory reserve volume

Relaxation of the respiratory muscles leads to which change? An increase in thoracic volume and decrease in pressure in the lung A decrease in thoracic volume and increase in pressure in the lungs An increase in thoracic volume and increase in pressure in the lungs A decrease in thoracic volume and decrease in pressure in the lungs

a decrease in thoracic volume and increase in pressure in the lungs

What causes normal expiration? Relaxation of the heart, which is between the two lungs, pushes on the walls of the lungs and forces the air out. The expiratory muscles contract to reverse the pressure and volume changes that produced inspiration. Elastic recoil of lungs and the thoracic cage Contraction of the diaphragm

elastic recoil of the lungs and the thoracic cage

A patient with an allergy has an EpiPen. Which would you expect after injection of epinephrine? Decreased resistance and decreased flow Increased resistance and decreased flow Increased resistance and increased flow Decreased resistance and increased flow

decreased resistance and increased flow

Which capacity is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume? Vital capacity Inspiratory capacity Total lung capacity Functional residual capacity

vital capacity

What causes the greatest change in thoracic volume during quiet inspiration? Increased intrapleural pressure Relaxation of the internal intercostal muscles Contraction of the diaphragm Air flowing into the lungs

contraction of the diaphragm

Which characteristic of the lungs is defined as the change in volume that results from a given force exerted? Elastance Compliance Fibrosis Resistance

Compliance

Which two factors have the greatest influence on the amount of work needed for breathing? Elastic recoil of the thoracic wall and the tension created by the ribs Compliance and inertia Compliance and airway resistance Surface tension and pneumothorax

compliance and airway resistance

Like the cardiovascular system, what is the primary determinant of resistance to flow in the respiratory system? Air density Tube radius Air viscosity Tube length

tube radius

Which is the best definition of anatomical dead space? The volume of the conducting system The ventilation rate The tidal volume The volume of the exchange portion of the respiratory system

the volume of the conducting system

A student is biking to class and crashes. A broken rib makes a hole in the plural membrane. Which do you expect? More air in the pleural cavity and increased intrapleural pressure More air in the pleural cavity and decreased intrapleural pressure Less air in the pleural cavity and decreased intrapleural pressure Less air in the pleural cavity and increased intrapleural pressure

more air in the pleural cavity and increased intrapleural pressure

A patient has a disorder that destroys type II alveolar cells. Which would you expect? Increased surface tension and increased work to expand alveoli Decreased surface tension and decreased work to expand alveoli Decreased surface tension and increased work to expand alveoli Increased surface tension and decreased work to expand alveoli

increased surface tension and increased work to expand alveoli

Which is a difference between total pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation? One depends on dead space volume, and the other does not. One uses mL/min for units, and the other does not. One depends on ventilation rate, and the other does not. One depends on tidal volume, and the other does not.

one depends on dead space volume, and the other does not

Which of the following situations would increase O2 release at the tissues? a. increased pH b. increased temperature c. decreased CO2 d. All of the above

Because this factor normally varies, the most important variable that influences the diffusion of respiratory gases is the __________. membrane thickness surface area pressure or concentration gradient diffusion distance

pressure or concentration gradient

Emphysema reduces respiratory gas exchange by changing __________. airway resistance diffusion distance surface area membrane thickness

surface area

What is the main mechanism by which gases move from the alveoli into the blood and cells and back? Bulk flow Symport Simple diffusion Active transport

simple diffusion

Low alveolar PO2 can be caused by one of two mechanisms. One of them is that the inspired air has low oxygen content. What is the other reason? High altitude Hypoventilation Low hemoglobin concentration Low hematocrit

hypoventilation

Which disorder would usually result in a normal alveolar PO2 but a decreased arterial PO2 because of fluid increasing diffusion distance? Fibrotic lung disease Emphysema Pulmonary edema Asthma

pulmonary edema

Emphysema causes a loss of walls between individual alveoli, resulting in fewer, but larger, alveoli. Which part of gas diffusion would be most affected by emphysema? Surface area Diffusion distance Alveolar/capillary membrane permeability Concentration gradient

surface area

At the same pressure, about 20 times more CO2 will dissolve in plasma as O2. Why does this occur? CO2 molecules move faster than O2. CO2 has a higher solubility than O2. CO2 will pass through the red blood cell membrane faster than O2. O2 will bind to hemoglobin with a higher affinity than CO2.

co2 has a higher solubility than o2

Which would stimulate decreased respiration? pH 7.4 Hypercapnia and hypoxia Increased carbon dioxide and decreased oxygen Decreased carbon dioxide and increased oxygen

decreased co2 and increased o2

During inhalation, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. the diaphragm relaxes. the diaphragm and rib muscles contract. oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs. air moves up the trachea.

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood? Trachea Alveoli Nose Bronchioles Bronchi

alveoli

Which statement is correct? As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated. In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries. Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration. Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells.

After blood becomes oxygenated, it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen. it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs.

Hemoglobin uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells. has five subunits. is the site of cellular respiration. is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen. is found in blood plasma.

Approximately what percentage of the total blood oxygen is bound to hemoglobin instead of dissolved in plasma? 2% 78% 88% 98%

Choose the combination of factors that would lead to the greatest oxygen unloading from hemoglobin. Low pH, high temperature, high PCO2, high 2,3-BPG Low pH, high temperature, low PCO2, high 2,3-BPG High pH, high temperature, high PCO2, low 2,3-BPG High pH, low temperature, low PCO2, low 2,3-BPG

About 23% of the carbon dioxide in blood is carried __________. by hemoglobin, bound to amino groups as bicarbonate ions dissolved in plasma as CO2 dissolved in plasma by hemoglobin, bound to iron

A patient with an opioid overdose has a decreased ventilation rate. Which of the following would you expect? Decreased carbon dioxide in the blood and decreased pH Decreased carbon dioxide in the blood and increased pH Increased carbon dioxide in the blood and decreased pH Increased carbon dioxide in the blood and increased pH

In a healthy respiratory system, if the alveolar PO2 is 85 mmHg, what will arterial PO2 be? 70 mmHg 80 mmHg 85 mmHg 100 mmHg

What is the main difference between fetal and adult hemoglobin? Fetal hemoglobin contains two beta chains, while adult hemoglobin contains two gamma chains. Adult hemoglobin lacks iron to make more room for oxygen binding. Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen. Adult hemoglobin is larger.

In which form is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood? Bound to hemoglobin Dissolved in the plasma As bicarbonate ion As carbonic acid

What is the chloride shift? The production of HCO3- by enzymatic breakdown of chloride The excretion of Cl- by the kidney, preventing HCO3-from causing an increase in plasma pH The production of carbaminohemoglobin by chloride from the plasma The exchange of bicarbonate for Cl- ions in red blood cells, causing HCO3- to leave the cell

Which change would cause a shift to the left in the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve? Decreased temperature Increased PCO2 Increased 2,3-BPG Decreased pH

Using the Fick equation, calculate cardiac output if a person is consuming 1.41 L O2/min, has an arterial O2 content of 190 ml O2/L, and a venous O2 content of 25 ml O2/L. 0.0085 L/min 8.5 L/min 10.7 L/min 163.6 L/min

Changes in the amount of __________ are the main stimulus driving changes in ventilation. O2 H+ CO2 body heat

Central chemoreceptors that monitor cerebrospinal fluid will stimulate an increase in ventilation __________. if CO2 increases or H+ decreases (resulting in decreased pH) if either CO2 or H+ decreases (resulting in decreased pH) if CO2 decreases or H+ increases (resulting in decreased pH) if either CO2 or H+ increases (resulting in decreased pH)

A patient has an opioid overdose, which decreases signaling in the medulla. Which of the following would you expect? Decreased signaling in somatic motor neurons, leading to decreased skeletal muscle contraction Decreased signaling in autonomic neurons and decreased smooth muscle contraction Decreased signaling in somatic motor neurons, leading to decreased smooth muscle contraction Decreased signaling in autonomic neurons, leading to decreased skeletal muscle contraction

Which area of the brain stimulates the diaphragm to contract to initiate inspiration? Dorsal respiratory group Pontine respiratory group Ventral respiratory group The pre-Bötzinger complex

Which change would cause the greatest stimulus for an increase in ventilation? Arterial pH decreasing to 7.2 Arterial PCO2 decreasing to 40 mmHg Arterial PO2 decreasing to 80 mmHg Arterial PCO2 increasing to 46 mmHg

Which chemical can stimulate ventilation by binding both peripheral and central chemoreceptors? Both blood CO2 and H+ Blood H+ Plasma O2 Plasma CO2

Filtration in the kidneys occurs at the a. glomerular capillaries b. peritubular capillaries c. glomerular and peritubular capillaries d. none of the above

At the renal corpuscle the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus is 50mmHg, colloid osmotic pressure in the glomerulus is 20mmHg and bowmans capsule pressure is 10mmHg. The net filtration pressure is: a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 50

If renal blood flow increases, capillary hydrostatic pressure and GFR must also increase. True or false

false