Population Genetics

Question 1

Who is carl linneas what did he develop?

Answer 1

• He dveloped a system to organize living things based on traits and shape
• He also created a heiarchial system where organisms are grouped based on shared characteristcs.

Question 2

Why is the carls system important
How does it help scientist with organisms
What does it standardize?

Answer 2

• It helps scientists classify and study organisms
• Shows evolutionary relationships between species
• Standadarized scientific names

Question 3

Who is Charles darwin what did he introduce? Decent with what?

Answer 3

• Introduced the idea of decent with modification

Question 4

What is a phylogenetic tree? What does it contain?

Answer 4

• It is a family tree for species
• It shows how organisms are related and how they evolved from common ancestors

Question 5

What do the branches mean on a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 5

• Different species evolving over timer

ex; humans and fish areon faster branches

Question 6

What do the closer branches mean

Answer 6

• a closer related species.
  ex; Monkeys and humans ar on closer branches

Question 7

Why are phylogenetic trees important?

Answer 7

• they explain how life change/es over time\
• help study evolution
• shows how everything is connected

Question 8

What is it with darwin and natural selection? (PDV)

Answer 8

• wanted to explain how species change over time due to natural selection
• Pre existing Heitable variation
• Differential repordcution
• Variable environments and selction

Question 9

What is pre-existing heritable variation
Is everyone the same ?
Where are the traits inherited from?
What is an example with giraffes?

Answer 9

• idv in a pop aren’t identical they are genetically different
• traits inherited from parents
  ex; some giraffes have longer necks than others

Question 10

What is differential reproduction?
What is limited?
What is up with traits?
Born vs survive?

Answer 10

• More orgs born than can survive
• limited space, food, and resource which makes competition
• some have traits that allow them to survive better

Question 11

What is variable envrioments and selection

Answer 11

Different enviroments favor different traits
- over time, pop adapts to their new environment

Question 12

What is the key takeaway of Darwin’s theme of natural selection?
What can it eventually lead too?
What does the environment choose?

Answer 12

• species change due to natural selection
• environment chooses which traits are beneficial
• can eventually lead to new species

Question 13

How many people DON’T belive in evolution

Answer 13

53 percent of people in america do not believe in evolution.

Question 14

What the hell are conserved genes? Why do they do what they do

Answer 14

• genes that stay the same across different species.
• They are essential for life

Question 15

What is an example of conserved genes? ( flies and mice)

Answer 15

• flies and mice
• they both have genes that control body segmentation ( how their bodies

Question 16

Why are conserved genes important or matter?

Answer 16

• Conserved genes are important because it show how life is connected through evolution
• Study human genes using animals like flies and mice

Question 17

What is the basis for heritability?

Answer 17

• It shows how traits are passed from parents to off springs through genes.

Question 18

What is modern synthesis?

Answer 18

Modernsynthesis combines dawrins theory of natural selction with mendalian genetics

Question 19

What does natural selection on phenotypes with a genetic basis show?

Answer 19

• natural variation in traits ( fur, color, and height)
• traits come with different alleles of genes

Question 20

How does allelic variation drive evolution?

Answer 20

• if a peppered mothes.dark colored moth survives in environments more than a light color moth, the entire population will eventually become dark colored.

Question 21

What is a gene pool?

Answer 21

• sum of all alleles in a population
• includes every version of a gene present in that population

Question 22

What is a population

Answer 22

• a group of individuals that can mate and produce fertil of spring

Question 23

What is allele frequency?

Answer 23

• how often an allele appears in the gene pool

Question 24

What affects allele frequency?

Answer 24

• Adaptive processes and non adaptive processes

Question 25

What are some non adaptive processes that affect allele frequency

Answer 25

- mutation - gene flow - genetic drift

Question 26

What are some adaptive processes that affect allele frequency

Answer 26

- Natural selection - Artificial selection

Question 27

What is positive selection?

Answer 27

- when allele helps survival or reproduction

Question 27

what are the three modes of natural selection?

Answer 27

- Positive , negative, balancing selections

Question 28

What is negative selection

Answer 28

When an allele reduces fitness, it is removed from the population

Question 29

What is balancing selection

Answer 29

- when both allele are kept in the population bc they provide benefit under certain conditions ex; heterozygous sickle cell trait and malaria

Question 30

How does positive and negative selction work with plants and animals ( think of cows that produce milk versus the cows that don't)

Answer 30

Positive: - famers select big kernels from corn leading to modern corn teosinte - wolves with friendly traid bred into dogs Negative: - cows with low milk production are not used fro breeding - Wheat drops seded easily but famers selected wheat that holds onto seed so harvesting can be easier.

Question 31

How would the bottleneck effect affect the sickle cell trait?

Answer 31

- if a small pop with the trait moves to a new location without malaria, the allele can potentially disappear

Question 32

What principals does human evolution follow?

Answer 32

- the same - natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow

Question 33

What are some examples of the principles that apply to human evolution? what is the advantage? ( milk)

Answer 33

- lactase persistance - Humans lost ability after childhood, but a mutation appeared in some people allowing lactase persistence to persist into adulthood - Advantage is that the communities that relied on dairy the mutation was positively selected bc milk provided nutrients during food shortages.

Question 34

is the everyone was black thing natural selection

Answer 34

- yes it was natural selection - natural uv - able to survive in hotter environments - less skin cancer

Question 34

amish niggas

Answer 34

- small and isolated - marry within their community a lot of mutations