Population Settlement 1.1

Question 1

Slow population growth

Answer 1

RUSSIA
CAUSES:
Low BR: declined 2% to 12 births per 1000 in 2022
-high rates of abortion : 37 per 1000 women (15-44) in 2010
-women prioritize their jobs
-widespread access to contraceptives: 80%of married couples use them
-low fertility rate: 2.4 births per woman in 2022
High DR: 13 per 1000
-high obesity rates
-low investment in healthcare
-high intake’s of alcohol
-low immigration and high emigration rates : 350 000 people emigrated in 2015 - 10x more than 5 years ago
CONSEQUENCES:
-Impact on economy: labour force expected to shrink about 15%
-‘Brain Drain’: puts at risk future innovation
-Impact in rural areas: 8500 villages abandoned since 2002

Question 2

Rapid population growth

Answer 2

KENYA
CAUSES:
High BR- 29 births per 1000
-lack of family planning> Religious reasons - contraceptives frowned upon
-lack of access to contraception and lack of knowledge about them
-Traditional family values - large families desirable (average per woman 4 whilst global is 2.5)
Decreasing DR- 7 deaths per 1000
-Improvements in access to medical services + vaccinations
-improved hygiene and diets
-falling infant mortality rate 39x 1000 compared to 57x 1000 average in Africa
CONSEQUENCES:
-Youthful population: high dependency ratio 42% of the population is under 15
- negative: puts pressure on education services
- positive: potential future working population
Rural-urban migration: lack of cultivable land- 67% of farmers thought that land was too small
-increasing urban population: for 2033 50% of population is urban
-High levels of inequality

Question 3

Overpopulation

Answer 3

Bangladesh
CAUSES:
High BR: 18 births per 1000 in 2018
-Traditionally large families + lack of access to contraception
Low DR: 5 deaths x 1000 in 2018
-improvement in medical knowledge
-OVERALL, DIFF BTW BR AND DR HAS CAUSED NATURAL INCREASE OF POPULATION
CONSEQUENCES:
-rural poverty: 60% still live in rural areas
Small amount of usable farmland has resulted in rural poverty
-40% of pop underemployed: working a limited amount of hours with very low wages
Insufficient food production: around 8000 hectares of cultivable land lost every year due to urbanization
Lack of services: not enough schools and hospitals + poor access to healthcare (infant mortality is 24 deaths per 1000 births)

Question 4

Under population

Answer 4

Australia
CAUSES:
Physical factors:
-aridity: central Australia is desert and receives less than 250 mm of rainfall per year
-high temperatures: hottest summer climate/temp exceed 30*C
-large supply of natural resources
Human factors:
Low BR: 13 per 1000 in 2018
-availability of contraception + high income and female education rates
Low but increasing DR: 7 per 1000
-age if population is increasing the DR
CONSEQUENCES:
Economic:
-underuse of resources: abundance of resources but lack of population
-shortage of workers
-smaller market for good/services:
Social:
-good healthcare system: 1 doctor x 300 people
-high quality of life: ranked 2nd in the UN as the best country to live in
Environmental:
-good air quality: low levels on industry and low population density making pollution decrease.

Question 5

HIV’s/ AID’s

Answer 5

Botswana
Causes:
-culture: women are seen by society as child bearers and thus can’t disapprove of sex
-poverty: families can’t afford contraceptives or medicine
-women are formed to go into prostitution which makes them prone to the virus
-low medical availability meaning that very few people can be treated and even fewer can afford to be treated
CONSEQUENCES:
-39% of the adult population in Botswana have the disease
-life expectancy has dropped from 70’s to mid 30’s
-natural increase will experience a huge decrease leaving it at zero
-shortage of skilled labor
WHAT IS BEING DONE:
-Public education and awareness: safety being taught at schools
-condom distribution + education: installation of 10 500 condominium dispensers

Question 6

Anti-Natalist One Child Policy

Answer 6

China
CAUSES:
-Rapid population growth: 2% annually
-Fear of reaching carrying capacity
HOW WAS IT ENFORCED:
-Contraception available for married couples
-Men had to be over 22 and women over 20 to have A CHILD
-sanctions where Enforced
-economic incentives given out to couples having only one child
IMPACTS
Positive:
- Population growth decreased to 0.7 annually
-estimated to have prevented over 400M extra births
-huge economic growth
-poverty considerably decreased
Negative:
-Huge gender imbalance : 60 M more men
-Prostitution rose: 6M women has HIV’s
-economic pressure due to agent pop (pensions, reduced workforce, reduced income…)