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Portugal Flashcards

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1
Q

More red or white wine made in Portugal?

A

More red

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2
Q

Wine in Portugal dates back to when?

A

2000BCE

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3
Q

When was the Treaty of Windsor signed?

A

1386

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4
Q

Methuen Treaty signed when?

A

1703

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5
Q

Damaging events for Portugese wine in 19th and 20th centuries?

A

Peninsular Wars
Portguese Civil War
Frencha dn Spanish wines rise in popularity
Phylloxera (1867)
Antonio de Oliviera Salazar 40-year-rule

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6
Q

Two incredibly Successful Portuguese rose brands launched in 1940s

A

Mateus Rose (1942)
Lancers Rose (1944)

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7
Q

In the 1980s, Mateus Rose was what % of Portugal’s still, unfortified wine exports?

A

40%
No longer the case

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8
Q

What happened to co-ops during Salazar’s rule?

A

Given preferential rights
Badly run and equipped
High volume low quality
Return to democracy: support for co-ops dropped - had to adapt practices (quality) or close

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9
Q

What impact did the 2011-2014 bailout of Portugal by IMF have on wine?

A

Made further development of export markets imperative (domestic market going through austerity)

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10
Q

What impact does the Atlantic have on Portugal?

A

Brings cool, rainy weather to country, particularly northwest

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11
Q

Land under vine in Portugal

A

190,000ha
(has reduced by 85,000ha in last 30 years)

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12
Q

Vineyard land in Portugal has declined over last 30 years. Why/ What kind of vineyards?

A

Portugal joins EU 1986
High-producing vyds on fertile alluvial soils grubbed up (Tejo, Vinho Verdhe, Minho)

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13
Q

What % of wine production takes place on mainland Portugal (vs islands eg Madeira and Azores)

A

99%

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14
Q

What impact has climate change had on Portugal recently?

A

Drought a big issue
Hail and storms
Wildfires

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15
Q

Diseases and pests in Portugal

A

Esca
European grapevine moth

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16
Q

Portugal: significant old bush vines found in what two regions? Smaller plantings in what two other regions?

A

Douro and parts of Alentejo

to a lesser extent: Dao and Bairrada

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17
Q

How are old bush vines usually found in Portugal?

A

in mixed vineyards, producing field blends

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18
Q

Does Portugal have a high or low proportion of organic certification?

A

Quite low
2,700ha (out of 190,000ha)
Some producers work organically but don’t get certification

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19
Q

Most Portuguese wines are blends. Some exeptions?

A

Baga in Bairrada
Encruzado in Dao
Alvainho in Moncao e Melgaco (part of Vinho Verde)

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20
Q

Most planted grape in Portugal?

A

Aragonez/Tinta Roriz (TEMPRANILLO)

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21
Q

Top 3 planted grapes in Portugal

A

Aragonez/Tinta Roriz
Touriga Franca
Touriga Nacional

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22
Q

Most planted white grape in Portugal

A

Fernao Pires/Maria Gomes

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23
Q

What is Maria Gomes?

A

most planted white grape in Portugal
aka Fernao Pires

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24
Q

Frenao Pires aka

A

Maria Gomes
most planted white grape in Portugal

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25
Some impacts of Portugal joining EU on winegrowing/amking?
Grubbed up shite high-productive vyds - less land under vine now, higher quality grapes Modernisation of techniques in winery (protective winemaking, French oak, de-stemming etc)
26
Most common source of oak in Portugal?
French oak some American used
27
Tradition for large 3,000-6,000L toneis in Portuguese/Brazilian oak is kept alive where?
Bairrada Trend to less new small oak, more big old oak
28
Examples of sources/styles/sizes of large oak used increasingly in Portugal?
traditional toneis (3-6,000l, Brazilian or Portuguese) new foudres (2,000-2,500L) oak from France, Italy, Austria Portuguese oak chestnut
29
foot-treading lagares traditionally made from what materials?
local materials schist, granite, marble now: stainless steel, easy to clean
30
what is "talha"?
Local name for clay amphora in Alentejo DOC Vinho de Talha
31
What is DOC Vinho de Talha
PDO for red and white wines fermented in clay amphora on skins in Alentejo
32
How many DOCs in Portugal?
31
33
What is VR (Portugal)
Vinho Regional PGI 14 VRs in Portugal
34
Grape growing is what % of Portuguese national agricultural output?
35% the highest in the world!
35
Until the Carnation Revolution (1974), where did Portuguese bulk wine go?
Former colonies in Africa: Angola and Mozambique
36
Example of a big brand Vinho Verde
Casal Garcia
37
What has Sogrape done since the 1980s?
Expanded from being a negociant into owning estates Bought lots of Port brands and estates in Vinho Verde, Douro, Dao, Alentejo and Lisboa
38
What is the biggest wine company in Portugal?
Sogrape
39
How big is Sogrape's business in relative terms?
Annual revenue is bigger than that of next 7 biggest producers combined!
40
How many co-ops in Portugal?
73 today it has dropped recently
41
Largest export markets for Portuguese wine (including fortified and sparkling)
France, Angola, Germany, UK
42
Vinho Verde: land under vine
16,000ha
43
What's the VR in Vinho Verde?
Minho VR identical boundaries to DOC Vinho Verde, much smaller production
44
Vinho Verde climate
moderate maritime Atlantic coast and river valleys funnel Atlantic winds inland
45
Where is Vinho Verde located?
north-west corner of Portugal Atlantic to the west River Minho/Spanish border (and Rias Baixas) to the north, mountains of Peneda-Geres National Park to the south
46
How many sub-regions in Vinho Verde?
9 e.g. Baiao, Moncao e Melgaco
47
Is Vinho Verde rainy?
Yes, high rainfall 1,500mm
48
How does rain impact Vinho Verde?
ripening and yields can dramatically change fungal diseases a problem
49
Largest DOC producing region in Portugal?
it varies depending on the vintage conditions (rain etc) either Port or Vinho Verde
50
Rain makes fungal disease a problem in Vinho Verde. how was that handled traditionally?
train vines up trees => better air circulation Some still do in small amounts. but generally trellis and VSP/lyre, trained high to improve airflow
51
Major change in Vinho Verde since the late 1960s?
In the 60s: 80% of wine was RED Now: 80% white
52
breakdown of red/white/rose in Vinho Verde
80% white 14% red 5% rosé
53
Most widely planted grape in Vinho Verde
Loureiro (aka Loureira in Rias Biaxas)
54
Top three planted grapes in Vinho Verde
1. Loureiro 2. Alvarinho 3. Pederna
55
What is Loureiro? When does it ripen? What wines does it produce?
White grape Most-planted grape in Vinho Verde mid-ripening Citrus, pear, floral and herbal Medium (+) acid
56
Alvarinho style (Vinho Verde)
citrus, peach, sometimes tropical medium (+) body medium (+) to high acid
57
Which sub-region of Vinho Verde is most associated with Alvarinho?
Moncao e Melgaco north of PDO, near Spanish border
58
What is Vinhao?
Most planted black grape in Vinho Verde aka Sousao (Douro) and Souson (Galicia)
59
Vinhao aka
Sousao (Douro) Souson (Galicia)
60
Vinhao style
Deep colour Cherry High acid
61
Vinho Verde often has a little spritz. How?
Carbon dioxide added at bottling
62
white Vinho Verde style
low alcohol medium (+) to high acid apple, citrus, peach maybe some RS
63
Most inexpensive Vinho Verde made by what kind of companies
Co-ops large merchants
64
Minimum abv for Vinho Verde
8% abv (9% abv if a sub-region is stated eg Moncao e Melcago)
65
Specific rules for single varietal Alvarinho from Moncao e Melgaco (Vinho Verde)
lower yields min abv 11.5% only Moncao e Melgaco can name single varietal Alvarinho on label Since 2016, other sub-regions can name Alvarinho if part of a blend only
66
How many growers in Vinho Verde?
17,250 growers 1,588ha of vines! hugely fragmented
67
There are 17,250 growers in Vinho Verde. How many bottle their own wine?
Just 400
68
Significant producers in Vinho Verde
Anselmo Mendes Quinta de Soalheiro
69
Land under vine in Douro DOC
38,000ha NB this includes Port and unfortified wines
70
First ambitious producer of unfortified wine in Douro? Name of his wine?
Fernando Nicolau de Almeida Barca Velha
71
What is Barca Velha?
First ambitious unfortified wine from Douro Fernando Nicolau de Almeida 1952 first vintage inspired by Bordeaux
72
When did unfortified Douro wine production really take off?
After Portugal joined EU 1986
73
Three subregions of Douro Valley
Baixa Corgo Cima Corgo Douro Superior
74
What is Serra do Marao?
mountain that marks western limit of Douro region 1,415m at highest point shields Douro from worst of Atlantic cool, damp weather
75
Climate in Douro?
Warm continental Serra do Marao shelters from Atlantic but site selection important
76
Are single varietal wines common in Douro DOC?
You can find Tinta Roriz or Touriga Nacional But it's rare; mostly blends
77
What do Touriga Franca and Touriga Nacional bring to Douro blends?
Retain acidity well Ripe but not jammy Black fruits Tend to lead blends
78
What does Sousao bring to Douro blends?
high acid, even in warm years
79
Example of some native Douro grapes
Viosinho Rabigato Gouveio
80
Moscatel Galego Branco aka
Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains
81
Douro DOC can make what kind of wine(s)?
Still red, rosé or white Sparkling Majority is RED
82
Still red wine account for what % of Douro DOC sales?
70%
83
What is "vinhas velhas"?
Portuguese for old vine
84
Significant producers of dry still Douro wines
Virtually all Port houses Prats & Symington Quinta do Vale Meao
85
Douro DOC reds: grapes usually destemmed. Why?
High tannin levels => additional tannin rarely needed don't want to risk green, unripe flavours
86
Fermentation temp range for dry red Douro?
Relatively low 24-28C allow to control tannin extraction
87
Use of lagares in dry red Douro?
Some produces blend some lagare-fermented wine in Others start the fermentation of lagares Can be easier to monitor extraction level in open lagar vs closed tank
88
Is post-fermentation maceration common in dry red Douro?
inexpensive wines: no; pressed off skins after ferment premium wines: yes to further extract and soften tannins
89
Dry white wine accounts for what % of Douro DOC sales?
25%
90
Port accounts for what % of production in Douro region?
over 60%
91
Production trend for dry Douro DOC?
Upward trajectory! 330,000hl in 2008 515,000hl in 2017
92
What is the VR in Douro?
VR Duriense much lower volumes producers can use int'l grapes eg Riesling, Chard, Syrah
93
How many co-ops in Douro? So what?
23 of 'em they make inexpensive blends
94
Are grapes for Douro DOC controlled by the Beneficio?
no! prices received for Douro DOC grapes much lower than Port in years of surplus: drop even further, sometimes below cost
95
Where is Dao DOC located?
further south than Vinho Verde and Douro inland from Bairrada
96
VR in Dao?
VR Terras do Dao not commonly used
97
Dao is surrounded by mountains. What do they do?
Protect from maritime (west) Protect from warm, arid (east and south)
98
Dao climate
Mediterranean Warm, dry summers Mild winters
99
Comment on rainfall in Dao
It's relatively high! 1,600mm in the west (near sea), 1,100 in the east Mainly in autumn nd winter
100
Land under vine in Dao
20,000 ha Land mass is much large though - this is 5% of it There's also pine and eucalyptus forests
101
What % of land in Dao is planted to vineyeards?
Just 5% also pine and eucalyptus forests
102
Soils in Dao. So what?
Weathered granite with sandy or loamy texutre Low in organic matter and free draining => manage vigour well Water stress can be an issue
103
Harvest sizes vary a lot in Dao. Why? And what happened recently?
Weather impacts it hugely High of 255,000hl in 2017 followed by 10-year low (155,000hl) the next year Difficult to plan volumes!
104
More red or white wine in Dao?
80% red
105
Key black grapes in Dao? (80% of wine is red)
Touriga Nacional Tinta Roriz Jaen (aka Mencia) Alfrocheiro
106
Touriga Nacional style (Dao)
Deep colour High tannin High acid Black fruit, floral, herbal
107
Tinta Roiz style (Dao)
Ripens earlier than Touriga N Deep colour Medium to medium (+) tannin Full body
108
What is Jaen?
Black grape in Dao aka Mencia!
109
Jaen style
Moderate acidity Raspberry and blackberry Can be carbonic maceration
110
What are Jaen and Alfrocheiro used for in Dao?
Single varietal wines = soft, fruity, maybe carbonic maceration Soften bigger blends (Touriga Nacional, Tinta Roiz)
111
Key quality white grape in Dao?
Encruzado
112
What is Encruzado?
The key white grape for quality wines in Dao
113
Encruzado style
Medium to medium (+) acid Full body Lemon and peach, floral Neutral vessel or oak Lees ageing/stirring
114
Are vineyard holdings big or small in Dao?
Small! 30,000 growers (20,000 hectares) 90% have less than 0.5ha
115
Significant producers in Dao?
Vinha Paz Quinta da Pellada
116
What % of Dao wine is exported?
15-20% Canada, Brazil, USA, China
117
Where is Bairrada located?
West of Dao - close to coast
118
Bairrada climate
Maritime
119
Land under vine in Bairrada?
10,000ha
120
What is Cantanhede?
Unofficial subzone in Bairrada Warmer southern part Limestone-clay soils
121
Comment on soils in Bairrada?
West: fertile alluvial soils from river estauries, limestone clay slopes South: warmer! limestone-clay
122
Dominant black grape in Bairrada?
Baga
123
What is Baga?
Dominant black grape in Bairrada
124
Baga style
High acid High tannins Medium body Cranberry, cherry, plum Astringent when young, softens and complexes with age
125
Baga was traditionally used for what?
Grown at high yields, sold to co-ops Low fruit concentration, high yield, fresh acid Used for Mateus rose
126
How has Baga production developed in last 30 years?
Greater focus on quality Better understanding of vineyard practice = high quality wines
127
Baga is late ripening and productive. So what?
For full ripeness, it: Needs careful site slection Needs limited yields
128
What soils are best for Baga? Why?
Limestone-clay Optimum balance of water retentiona dn drainage Vine has enough water to ripen but not be overly vigorous light coloured soil reflects solar energy, aiding ripening
129
Baga was traditionally fermented on stems. So what?
Reputation for astringent wines best drunk after years in bottle Most producers de-stem now
130
Most producers now de-stem Baga. But some use a % of whole bunch or keep a % of stems. Why?
Give fresher fruit character Enhance aromas (whole bunch) Give greater structure (stems) for ageing
131
Bairrada: what are toneis? and what are they made from?
Large barrels Portuguese oak, Brazilian hardwood
132
Other than Baga, what black grapes allowed in Bairrada DOC?
Touriga Nacional Alfrocheiro Jaen Camarate Cabernet SAuvignon Merlot
133
What is Camarate?
local red variety in Bairrada full body medium tannin red fruit
134
Bairrada: wines labelled Baga Classico must be what % of Baga?
min 50% Baga min 85% of any blend of Baga, Alfrocheiro, Touriga nacional, Jaen and Camarate
135
Key white grape varieties in Bairrada
Maria Gomes (aka Fernao Pires) Bical Arinto Cercial
136
Most planted white grape in Portugal?
Maria Gomes (aka Fernao Pires)
137
Maria Gomes/Fernao Pires style
early ripening high yields citrus and floral
138
Lead producing region of trad method sparkling wine in Portugal?
Bairrada
139
What is Baga Friends?
small group of producers in Bairrada club together, make high quality wines 100% from Baga
140
VR in Bairrada?
Beira Atlantico VR (boundaries extend beyond DOC)
141
Why do producers like Luis Pato and Filipa Pato use the Beira Atlantico VR as opposed to Bairrada DOC?
Object to international varieties (Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet etc) being permitted in DOC
142
When was Vinho de Talha DOC introduced? For what?
2010 wines fermented on skins in Alentejano region
143
Climate in Alentejo
Mediterranean hot dry summers mild winters
144
There are long periods of dry weather in Alentejo. So what?
Drip irrigation is widely used
145
Are single varietal wines common in Alentejo DOC?
Not really Wide range of grapes available, tend to be blends
146
Key black grapes in Alentejo DOC
Aragonez (Tinta Roriz/Tempranillo) Alicante Ouschet Trincadeira
147
Why is timing of harvest important for Aragonez (aka Tinta Roriz/Tempranillo)?
It's early ripening. If left on vine it can become extra ripe Best grows in cooler areas and sites
148
What is Alicante Bouschet? What style of wine does it make?
Red-fleshed grape variety Deep colour High acid High tannins Red and black berry fruits
149
Most common international variety in Alentejo?
Syrah
150
Key white grapes in Alentejo?
Roupeiro Arinta Antao Vaz
151
Portugese region with largest domestic sales?
Alentejo 37% of Portuguese market by volume (40% by value)
152
Alentejo wines account for what % of total Portuguese exports?
20% (a considerable number!!)
153
Alentejo is an area of relatively big vineyard holdings (compared to elsewhere in Portugal). Why?
High sunshine hours Dry summers Relatively flat topography Expansive plains Well suited to cost-effective, high volume, mechanised viticulture
154
Alentejo is close to Lisbon. So what?
Strong focus on wine tourism Designer wineries with large cellar doors
155
What is the Serra de Montejunto?
Coastal mountain range in Lisboa, splits the region into two distinct areas
156
Lisboa land under vine
18,000ha
157
Lisboa divided into a western (Atlantic) and eastern (inland) zones. So what?
West: wet weather, strong winds => challenging viti Lighter bodied fresh styles of wine, clay-limestone soils East: more protected riper, full bodied wines Serra de Montejunto divides the region
158
Best known DOCs in Lisboa?
Alenquer and Bucelas both on eastern side of coastal mountains
159
What is Alenquer?
DOC in Lisboa Eastern side of coastal mountains Full bodied reds (Touriga Nacionala nd Aragonez)
160
What is Bucelas?
Small DOC in Lisboa historic high acid wines from Arinto (min 75%)
161
What's notable about Colares DOC?
Sandy soils, phylloxera free Lisboa Historically important but vyds eaten up by growing suburbs of Lisbon!
162
Where are the DOCs of Alenquer and Bucelas located?
Lisboa Eastern side of coastal mounatins
163
Majority of production from Lisboa comes from which single DOC/VR?
Lisboa VR (also significant quantity of wine without a GI)
164
Why might a grower use Lisboa VR rather than say Alenquer DOC to label their wines?
Better int'l recognition of "Lisboa"/Lisbon Flexibility in rules
165
Biggest producer in Lisbao?
Casa Santos Lima Inexpensive, mid-priced Private labels for retailers, mostly export
166
Climate in Peninsula de Setubal?
Mediterranean hot dry summers mild wet winters
167
Casa Santos Lima is the biggest producer in what region?
Lisboa
168
Two DOCs in Peninsula de Setubal?
Palmela DOC Setubal DOC
169
Where is Palmela DOC located?
Peninsula de Setubal
170
Palmela DOC primarily makes what kind of wine?
Red wines 67% Castelao (aka Periquita)
171
Palmela DOC style
Red wines from majority of Castelao (aka Periquita) Deep colour Full body Red berry Oak spice
172
Palmela DOC has limestone slopes and warm, sandy soils on a plain. Which is best for concentrated, age-worthy reds? (Castelao grape)
Age-worthy wines on flat plains (somewhat counterintuitively!)
173
White wines from Palmela DOC: which grapes?
Fernao Pires Moscatel Arinto
174
Setubal DOC makes what kind of wines?
Sweet, fortified wines from Moscatel varieties
175
VR for Peninsula de Setubal?
Peninsula de Setubal VR
176
Jose Maria de Fonseca created which two brands?
Lancers Periquita
177
Where is Tejo located?
Inland from Lisboa
178
What is Tejo named for?
Tejo river (aka River Tagus)
179
Tejo is the name of both a DOC and a VR. T/F?
True The VR has a wider area, more grape varieties, larger yields and overall bigger production
180
Significant producers in Tejo?
Quinta da Alorna Fiuza & Bright

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