PostLab 1 - Introduction

Question 1

study of the structure of vertebrates and of the functional significance of the structure

Answer 1

comparative vertebrate anatomy

Question 2

Two categories of animals

Answer 2

1. invertebrates
2. vertebrates

Question 3

no vertebral column

Answer 3

invertebrates

Question 4

with vertebral column

Answer 4

vertebrates

Question 5

transitional between invertebrates and vertebrates

Answer 5

protochordates

Question 6

back or upper side (posterior - human)

Answer 6

dorsal

Question 7

underside (anterior - human)

Answer 7

ventral

Question 8

sides, right and left

Answer 8

lateral

Question 9

dorsal side of humans

Answer 9

posterior

Question 10

ventral side of humans

Answer 10

anterior

Question 11

head end, superior - human

Answer 11

• anterior
• cephalic
• cranial

Question 12

anterior, cephalic, or cranial in humans

Answer 12

superior

Question 13

tail end (inferior - humans)

Answer 13

• posterior
• caudad

Question 14

posterior or caudad in human

Answer 14

inferior

Question 15

middle

Answer 15

median

Question 16

nearest the middle of the animal

Answer 16

central

Question 17

nearest the surface

Answer 17

peripheral

Question 18

near the main mass of the body

Answer 18

proximal

Question 19

away from the main mass of the body

Answer 19

distal

Question 20

on or near the surface

Answer 20

superficial

Question 21

some distance below the surface

Answer 21

deep

Question 22

above

Answer 22

superior

Question 23

below

Answer 23

inferior

Question 24

Three principal body axes

Answer 24

1. longitudinal axis (anterioposterior)
2. dorsoventral axis
3. left-right axis

Question 25

Three principal anatomic planes

Answer 25

1. transverse plane 2. frontal plane 3. sagittal plane

Question 26

- divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) halves - cross section

Answer 26

transverse plane

Question 27

anatomical plane that divides the body into dorsal and ventral sections

Answer 27

frontal plane

Question 28

Any plane that divides the body into right and left parts

Answer 28

sagittal plane

Question 29

regular repetition of body parts along the anteroposterior axis

Answer 29

metamerism or segmentation

Question 30

each division of the body

Answer 30

- metamere - segment - somite

Question 31

types of segmentation

Answer 31

external and internal

Question 32

centralization or localization of nervous structures and functions in the head with accompanying dominance of the head

Answer 32

cephalization

Question 33

manifestation of homologous structures in different species

Answer 33

homology

Question 34

- structures that had been inherited from a common ancestor - may be similar or broadly dissimilar morphologically and functionally

Answer 34

homologous structures

Question 35

- coincidental resemblance - two structures that have the same function

Answer 35

analogy

Question 36

example of analogous structures

Answer 36

horns of cattle (epidermal) and rhinoceros (dermal)

Question 37

analogous structure evolution

Answer 37

convergent evolution

Question 38

homologous structure evolution

Answer 38

divergent evolution

Question 39

example of homologous structures

Answer 39

pentadactyl limb in vertebrates

Question 40

The Big Four in Phylum Chordata

Answer 40

1. pharyngeal slits 2. dorsal nerve cord 3. notochord 4. post-anal tail

Question 41

openings that connect the inside of the throat to the outside of the neck

Answer 41

pharyngeal slits

Question 42

bundle of nerve fibers which runs down the "back", connects the brain with the lateral muscles and other organs

Answer 42

dorsal nerve cord

Question 43

cartilaginous rod running underneath, and supporting, the nerve cord

Answer 43

notochord

Question 44

extension of the body past the anal opening

Answer 44

post-anal tail

Question 45

- characterisitc believed to have evolved within a family tree - can be used to separate one group from the other - possession of feathers is unique to birds and defines all members of the class Aves

Answer 45

apomorphy

Question 46

- trait shared by two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor - derived/specialized or modified

Answer 46

synapomorphy

Question 47

similarity in the features of structures in a series within the same individual

Answer 47

serial homology

Question 48

example of serial homology

Answer 48

- vertebral column - limbs - hands

Question 49

characteritic shared by two or more taxa also found in their earliest common ancestor; primitive; generalized

Answer 49

symplesiomorphy

Question 50

divergences or speciation events

Answer 50

nodes

Question 51

common ancestor shared by all organisms on the cladogram

Answer 51

roots

Question 52

most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendants

Answer 52

monophyletic

Question 53

most recent common ancestor of the group but not all of its descendants

Answer 53

paraphyletic

Question 54

does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group

Answer 54

polyphyletic

Question 55

study of the organization and relationships of different clades of organisms

Answer 55

cladistics

Question 56

animals that have notochord at least in the embryo stage

Answer 56

Phylum Chordata

Question 57

Subphyla of Phlym Chordata

Answer 57

1. Urochordata 2. Cephalochordata 3. Craniata

Question 58

- sometimes known as the Tunicata, are commonly known as "sea squirts." - The body of an adult is quite simple, being essentially a sack with two siphons through which water enters and exits. Water is filtered inside the sack-shaped body

Answer 58

Subphylum Urochordata

Question 59

consists of notochord extended to the head region

Answer 59

Subphylum Cephalochordata

Question 60

chordates with a neurocranium (braincase)

Answer 60

Subphylum Craniata

Question 61

craniates without vertebrae

Answer 61

hagfish

Question 62

craniates with vertebrae

Answer 62

vertebrata