Poultry Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
Galliformes
A
Chicken, Turkey
2
Q
Anatidae
A
Duck, Goose
3
Q
Ancestor and domestication CHICKEN
A
Red junglefowl China 5400 B.C.
4
Q
Ancestor and domestication TURKEY
A
Wild turkey, Mexico 1000 B.C.
5
Q
Ancestor and domestication DUCK
A
Mallard duck, China 2500 B.C.
6
Q
Ancestor and domestication GOOSE
A
Greylag/Swan goose, China 2500 B.C.
7
Q
Microev changes of chicken
A
Inc size, weight Breast hypertrophy Large phenotypic variability Changes to limb musculature High fertility and prolificacy Eliminated broodiness Fast growth
8
Q
Cock/Rooster
A
Adult male
9
Q
Cockrel
A
Young male
10
Q
Capon
A
Castrated male
11
Q
Genetic diseases, embryonic losses
A
Lethal mutations Sticky embryo Malformations: 1. Chondrodystrophy 2. Poly/hypodactyly 3. Wingless or limbless
12
Q
Genetic diseases, hatching
A
Tremor, naked, beak malformation
13
Q
Genetic diseases, adult
A
Cardiomyopathy Stress syndrome (turkey especially) Aorta rupture (also turkey)
14
Q
Defects as conformational traits
A
Frizzleness (dosis, hetero good) Naked neck (Turken) Crested (Augsburg) Tailless (Araucanas) Dwarfism (Z-linked) Polydactylia (Dorking, silkies) Tuft Chondrodystrophia
15
Q
What is interesting about chondrodystrophia
A
Homozygote: lethal
Heterozygote: increased egg production
16
Q
At what age does a chicken start to lay eggs?
A
Approx 22 weeks
17
Q
When is a cockerel mature?
A
4-5 months
18
Q
How often is an egg layed
A
One a day
19
Q
How many eggs does a good laying hen lay?
What would an average chicken lay 100 years ago?
A
300 per life,
80-150 per year
20
Q
What is moulting
A
After 12 months of laying eggs, the chicken will moult
This means they lose their feathers and don’t lay any eggs to regenerate their reproductive systems. Farmers can take away food for 2 weeks to force the moulting so the chicken can start laying eggs again
21
Q
Describe the female avian reproductive system
A
Ovaries Infundibulum (yolk, fertilization) Magnum (50% albumen) Isthmus (shell membrane) Uterus (40% albumen, shell + cuticle) Vagina Cloaca
22
Q
Give some features of the male avian reproductive system
A
Testicles inside abd cavity, in front of kidneys
Vas deferens goes to cloaca
23
Q
Breeding goal of laying hen?
A
Strong hen
High egg quality
High number off eggs layed
Minimal broodiness
24
Q
What are some egg production traits
A
Time of puberty and maturity Relative and absolute egg production First year production Feed conversion and efficiency Eqq quality Broodiness
25
Give 5 laying hens
```
Rhode Island Red
Leghorn (only white egg producer)
New Hampshire
(White Cornish)
(Plymouth Rock)
```
26
4 breeding methods of laying hens
AI
Stud/Hand
Harem
Mass/Flock
27
Layer hen hybridization:
| Describe RRS
Recurrent reciprocal selection
Test crossing: ABCD
Best combination used, rest culled
28
2 phases of egg production
Rearing (up to 17 weeks)
Heat, water and temp is controlled
Laying (from week 18)
29
Describe the lighting program for laying hens
Week 1-18: decreasing from 23 hrs to 9 hrs
Week 19-23: increasing from 10 to 14 hrs
Week 24+: 14 hrs constant
30
What is the reason for using lighting programs
In nature, the chicken would only lay eggs in summer, therefore they must be tricked to thinking its summer
31
What is the broiler chicken breeding goal
Economic bird (effective growth, feed conversion, healthy)
32
What are some parameters to evaluate the broiler efficiency
Body weight
Daily gain
Feed efficiency (FCR)
1.8-2 kg food/kgbwt
33
What is the sex difference in broiler chickens
Approx 18%
34
What is the dressing percentage in broiler chickens
65-70%
35
What breed hybrid is used in broiler chicken
```
White cornish (paternal) x White plymouth rock (maternal)
= CORNISH ROCK
```
36
What other breeds can be used as broiler breeds?
Hubbard
Ross
Peterson
Lohmann
37
What two hybridization methods are used?
3 way and 4 way cross
38
At what age are broilers slaughtered
5/6 weeks
39
How are the broilers fattened?
Unlimited food
Corn, grains
Milk?
40
How are the broiler chickens kept
In large units where they are free-range and have unlimited access to food (basically a brooding operation)
Controlled environment
Room + floor central heating
Automatic feeder/waterer
41
What is intensive egg laying poultry production system?
A highly efficient intensive production system where there is the highest amount of eggs produced, and forced moulting (BATTERY CAGE)
They are not free to move, and the eggs fall down a conveyor belt
CHEAP
42
What is alternative egg laying poultry production system?
Free range
Outside or inside
Room to wander, scratch, peck, forage and show normal chicken behavior
For broilers: slower growth
43
Is keeping laying hens in battery cages legal?
Not since 2012 in the EU
44
What is organic production system?
Restrictions on :
medication given in water or food (for treatment and prevention)
food additives
synthetic amino acids
45
What is a furnished cage
A cage where the chicken has room to move around and displays normal chicken behaviour
46
What are some issues with poultry production systems?
```
Antibiotics
Arsenic
Hormones (currently not legal)
E.coli, salmonella
Avian influenza
Ammonia
```
47
Give the domestication of turkey
1000 B.C., Mexico
48
What is the breeding goal of turkey
Meat production
Egg for hatching
Broad chest
49
When does a turkey hit puberty?
16 weeks
50
When do turkeys start laying eggs?
34 weeks
51
How many eggs do turkeys lay?
About 2 a week
52
What are 2 mating methods for turkeys?
AI or natural
53
What turkey cannot breed naturally and requires AI?
The bronze broad breasted turkey
54
Give three turkey breeds
Bronze
White beltsville (maternal)
Black turkey
55
```
Give the weights for different turkey types
Giant
Maxi
Midi
Mini
```
Giant 17-20 kg
Maxi 6 kg
Midi 5 kg
Mini 4 kg
56
When and where was the goose domesticated?'
From greyleg or swan goose 3000 B.C.
57
What are geese used for?
Meat, egg, liver, feather, alarming, weed control
58
Give reprod traits of geese
Maturity: 40 weeks
| Egg prod: 30-50 eggs
59
Give growth traits of geese
Meat performance and production (early gain)
| FCR: 2.8 kg food/kgbw
60
Give weight of liver for toulouse and grey goose
Toulouse: 1100g
| Grey goose: 800-900 g
61
How long is the goose lifespan in the wild?
Up to 50 years
62
Give meat type goose breeds
Embden
Grey pomeranian
Pilgrim (autosex)
63
Give layer type goose breeds
Italian
| Rhenish
64
Give liver type goose breeds
Toulouse
| Grey goose
65
How can they make foie gras
Stuffing: force feeding goose with corn
66
Domestication of ducks
Far East, 2500 B.C. (+ Europe and Mesopotamia)
67
How many eggs can the duck produce?
300 eggs
68
What are the two main duck breeds?
1. Landrace (heavy)
| 2. Penguin (upright)
69
Give layer duck breeds
Runner Duck
| Khaki Campbell
70
Give meat duck breads
Peking
Aylesbury
Rouen
71
What is the muscovy duck?
Domesticated in Brazil
Not from mallard
Has a red crest in face
72
Domestication of pigeon
8000 B.C. in Mesopotamia from Rock dove
73
What is a squeaker and a squab?
Squeaker: baby pigeon
Squab: young pigeon
74
What are pigeons for?
Meat (squabs)
Ornamental (Exhibitions)
Racing, homing (war)
Scientific experiments
75
What are breeding methods based on?
Phenotype
76
Give flying sport pigeon breeds
Homing, tipplers, rollers
77
Give fancy pigeon breeds
Jacobins, Fantain, Pygmy
78
Give utility pigeon breeds
Texan (autosex)
| King
