Prejudice

Question 1

people are often biased against others outside of their own social group (…), showing prejudice (emotional bias), stereotypes (…), and discrimination (…).

Answer 1

out-groups, cognitive bias, behavioral bias

Question 2

how are these three aspects of bias related?

Answer 2

These three aspects of bias are related, but they each can occur separately from the others

Question 3

see sceenshot: affect cog and behaviour of Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination

Answer 3

affect (prejudice and ingroup favourtism), behaviour (discrimination), cognition (stereotyping)

Question 4

T:a specific belief or assumption (thoughts) about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics.

Answer 4

stereotype

Question 5

sterotypes are only negative

Answer 5

f can be positive just when overgeneralized are applied to all members of a group.

Question 6

asian sterotype ?

Answer 6

model minority stereotype of Asian Americans as highly intelligent, diligent and good at math can be damaging professionally, academically

Question 7

black stereotype

Answer 7

black male athletes are often believed to be more athletic, yet less intelligent, than their white male counterparts

Question 8

impact?

Answer 8

such beliefs often influence how these athletes are treated by others and how they view themselves and their own capabilities

Question 9

Stereotypes are universal. what does this mean?

Answer 9

Whether or not you agree with a stereotype the content of stereotypes is generally well-known within in a given culture

Question 10

T: a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group

Answer 10

prejudice

Question 11

Prejudice is common against who

Answer 11

people who are members of an unfamiliar cultural group

Question 12

2 types of prejudice?

Answer 12

explicit implicit

Question 13

define explicit

Answer 13

negative feelings about an out-group that are openly admitted,

Question 14

problem w explicit studying?

Answer 14

is very difficult to measure because this is generally not socially acceptable. susceptible to socially desirable responding

Question 15

To address this research bias, psychologists have developed several ways to measure …

Answer 15

implicit prejudice

Question 16

define implicit

Answer 16

relatively automatic and unconscious in-group preference

Question 17

T: done on the computer and measures how quickly you can sort words or pictures into different categories

Answer 17

Implicit Association Test

Question 18

IAT findings for in group?

Answer 18

people tend to be faster at pairing their own group with good categories as compared to pairing others’ groups.

Question 19

T: this finding generally holds regardless if one’s group is measured according race, age, religion, nationality, and even temporary, insignificant memberships.

Answer 19

t

Question 20

Automatic associations and unconscious responses are often driven by society’s stereotypes and can result in ..

Answer 20

.discrimination

Question 21

what is discrimination

Answer 21

negative action toward an individual as a result of one’s membership in a particular group
When someone acts on prejudiced attitudes toward a group of people this is known as

Question 22

As a result of holding negative beliefs (..) and negative attitudes (…) about a particular group, people often treat the target of prejudice poorly

Answer 22

.stereotypes, prejudice

Question 23

T: refers to practices (at the social level) which serve to reinforce social norms for preference, privilege and limited access to services and resources.

Answer 23

institutional discrimination

Question 24

e.g. of instit discrim = systemic practices in healthcare that treat racial and ethnic minorities differently, as well as the effect of chronic prejudice and racism

Answer 24

African Americans have lower life expectancy
Suicide rates among lesbians and gays are substantially higher than rates for the general population
more depression, anger, and anxiety and lower levels of life satisfaction and happiness
Exposure to chronic and persistent discrimination is harmful to our health.

Question 25

Attitudes toward immigrants among members of receiving societies are important because they may influence ….

Answer 25

support for immigration policies within a nation, the treatment and acceptance of immigrants, the success of immigration policies, the life outcomes of immigrants, and, ultimately, the degree of harmony or discord within the nation.

Question 26

Construal of the national ingroup and forms of national attachment impact? 2 types of views?

Answer 26

different attitudes toward immigrants, with those holding nativist perceptions also holding more negative attitudes toward immigrants (other civic)

Question 27

what is natavist perspective?

Answer 27

nativist perceptions of national identity, believing that national identity stems from being born in a particular country

Question 28

what is a civic/cultural perceptions of national identity

Answer 28

believe that national identity is based on a personal commitment to the country’s laws and institutions as well as a feeling of belonging to that country’s national group.

Question 29

Two forms of national attachment that affect attitudes toward immigrants are …

Answer 29

nationalism and patriotism

Question 30

nationalism and patriotism attitude dif toward immigrants

Answer 30

nationalism—i.e., who believe that their nation is superior to others—view immigrants as competitors and hold more negative attitudes toward immigrants. In contrast, individuals who are higher in patriotism—i.e., who express pride and love for their nation—do not hold such negative attitudes toward immigrants

Question 31

2 types of patriotism

Answer 31

Blind patriotism involves unquestioning support for one’s nation and its policies, and constructive patriotism involves willingness to criticize one’s nation due to positive attachment and a desire to see positive change

Question 32

influence of Ideological climate>

Answer 32

political elites use symbols, words, and even laws to influence the public’s emotional reactions to national issues and to assign blame for social problems= increase perceptions of threat from immigrants and support for restrictive immigration policies

Question 33

Personality and individual differences.

Answer 33

agreeableness and openness to experience are significant predictors of more positive attitudes toward immigrants, whereas neuroticism is a significant predictor of more negative attitudes
Social dominance orientation (the preference for intergroup hierarchies and inequality) and Right-wing authoritarianism = more negative att

Question 34

The drivers of prejudice toward immigrants most studied in the literature are perceived …2

Answer 34

threat and competition

Question 35

In terms of perceived economic threat and competition, the literature indicates that perceptions … are strong predictors of attitudes toward immigrants among members of receiving communities

Answer 35

of the economic situation of one’s own group and one’s nation. less clear whether perceptions of one’s own economic situation and objective indicators of economic threat and competition

Question 36

Perceived cultural threat and competition with immigrants revolve around the belief that…

Answer 36

immigrants may come to dominate national culture, thus weakening the receiving society’s culture and eroding national values

Question 37

which immigrants more threatening to cultural threat

Answer 37

immigrants who are high in cultural adaptation are perceived as less threatening than immigrants who are low in cultural adaptation, more likely with cultures more dif and those that segregate

Question 38

3 types of threat?

Answer 38

economic, cultural, security and safety

Question 39

influence of number of immigrans?

Answer 39

rate of arrivals that is more influential in driving threat and prejudice. that rather than the absolute size of immigrant populations in receiving countries, it is the rate of arrivals that is more influential in driving threat and prejudice. perceived rather than true number

Question 40

Emotions and stereotypes?

Answer 40

empathy (concern for others and their experiences) and apathy (a lack of concern for others’ welfare)

Question 41

empathy is a better predictor of these attitudes among African Americans, and apathy is a stronger predictor among Whites??

Answer 41

???

Question 42

Research on the stereotype content model suggests that prejudice toward immigrants is often a function of …, rather than purely negative, stereotypes of immigrants

Answer 42

ambivalent

Question 43

The stereotype content model asserts that there are two main dimensions to perceptions of groups: …

Answer 43

warmth (e.g., trustworthiness), derived from perceptions of a group’s intentions and competitive/cooperative nature, and competence (e.g., capability), derived from perceptions of a group’s status and economic success

Question 44

which groups threatening in this model

Answer 44

immigrant groups seen as low competence/high warmth (e.g., Italian immigrants in the United States) eliciting pity and sympathy, and immigrant groups seen as high competence/low warmth (e.g., East Asian immigrants in the United States) eliciting envy and jealousy

Question 45

contact w immigrants improves things

Answer 45

f contact with immigrants does not have a uniformly positive impact on attitudes= contact hypothesis

Question 46

Country-Level Differences in Attitudes Toward Immigrants May Be Driven by Historical Context and Perceptions of Immigrant Flows

Answer 46

These countries differ in a variety of ways, including their histories of immigration and perceptions of immigrant flows.

Question 47

The perception of who immigrants are (what Blinder calls …) may influence in turn overall attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy preferences.

Answer 47

“imagined immigration”

Question 48

Different Types of Immigrants Are Associated with Different Levels of Prejudicial Attitudes: dif influences ?

Answer 48

immigration category, legality, skill level, national origin/ethnicity, and religion.

Question 49

category ?

Answer 49

distinction between attitudes toward those recognized as refugees and toward other types of migrants, with a general preference for recognized refugees (but not asylum seekers; (trend toward viewing less favourably )

Question 50

Legality

Answer 50

the issue of legality tends to overshadow the individual characteristics of immigrants (e.g., human capital, race) in determining categorical reactions to them, with “illegal” immigrants generally triggering negative attitudes with a moralistic foundation

Question 51

skill level?

Answer 51

attitudes toward high-skilled potential immigrants and asylum seekers tend to be more favorable than attitudes toward low-skilled potential immigrants and asylum seekers

Question 52

cultrual similarity ?

Answer 52

with White and culturally more similar immigrants (e.g., immigrants from Australia and Western Europe) viewed more favorably than non-White and culturally less similar immigrants

Question 53

those from poorer countries in Europe, who in turn were preferred to those from poorer countries outside of Europe t or. f

Answer 53

t

Question 54

specific immigrant groups would fall on the competence–warmth matrix are based not only on nationality per se, but also on the …2

Answer 54

history of immigrants to the United States from that national origin and the circumstances of their arrival.

Question 55

stereotype content model: stereotypes based on both nationality and social class (e.g., with African and Mexican immigrants clustered in the …group, Irish and Italian immigrants clustered in the …, and Chinese and Korean immigrants clustered in the …).

Answer 55

low warmth/low competence , high warmth/low competence group
low warmth/high competence group

Question 56

religion preference?

Answer 56

Christian asylum seekers (and, to a lesser extent, agnostic asylum seekers) were consistently rated higher than Muslim asylum seekers

Question 57

media depiction impact?

Answer 57

Experiments have demonstrated the causal role of these media depictions in the implicit and explicit dehumanization of refugees.

Question 58

what is dehumanization and connection to prejudice

Answer 58

Dehumanization involves the denial of full humanness to others and their removal from the human species. dehumanization leads to the belief that members of a group are not worthy of fair, humane treatment, legitimizing their further victimization

Question 59

when presented with what images were most likely to dehumanize I’m

Answer 59

visual depictions of refugees in large groups without recognizable facial features

Question 60

2 types of discrim

Answer 60

taste based or statistical

Question 61

what is taste based

Answer 61

taste-based discrimination, which is bias based on individual prejudice against certain groups; this bias stems from dislike of a group per se rather than from expected performance outcomes

Question 62

what is statistical

Answer 62

discrimination based on specific characteristics—known as productivity-determining characteristics—that are correlated with group membership and could potentially influence outcomes`

Question 63

e.g. of statistical

Answer 63

landlords may use statistical discrimination to assume that immigrants are at greater risk of not paying rent.

Question 64

both types of discrimination are based on …, with taste-based discrimination being more affectively based and statistical discrimination being more likely to be based on stereotypes

Answer 64

prejudice

Question 65

what is problem with researching immigrant discrim

Answer 65

Being an immigrant is potentially associated with a variety of other characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, religion, and location of education or may interact to drive discrim

Question 66

A partial solution to the problem of distinguishing between taste-based discrimination and statistical discrimination, and of determining whether immigrant status per se is driving effects, is the use of …

Answer 66

correspondence audits

Question 67

Employment Discrimination Toward Immigrants Depends on Both Immigrant and Company Characteristics- who do they prefer?

Answer 67

religion over immigrants who seem to be more culturally distant. Domestic-born and European-origin applicants were considered to be more likely to be viewed as similar to the recruiters, and foreign-born and Middle Eastern or African origins were assumed to signal cultural distance.

Question 68

what had more influence birthplace or ethnicity

Answer 68

Immigrant status (birthplace), however, seemed to have a smaller effect than ethnic origin in driving effects, perhaps because the immigrant applicants were specifically described as immigrating at the age of six. small differentiation between first- and second-generation immigrants

Question 69

more likely in smaller or bigger organization

Answer 69

smaller bcs ikely to have experience with diversity and have fewer resources for recruitment , private companies display higher levels of discrimination in correspondence audits compared to public companies BCS less rules

Question 70

religious influence ?

Answer 70

being North African or Muslim reduces the likelihood of a positive response, with an additive effect

Question 71

IAT test findings

Answer 71

negative implicit associations with Arab Muslim men

Question 72

One explanation for this consistent evidence of employment discrimination toward Muslim immigrants is that Muslims are seen as particularly likely to lack the… required for success in certain job roles due to their religious affiliation.

Answer 72

soft skills

Question 73

is the soft skills bias true?

Answer 73

discrimination on the basis of presumed soft skills is a form of statistical discrimination whereby Muslim individuals are perceived as less likely to perform well on the job because they lack soft skills. In the current case, however, the same video was being viewed but it was interpreted differently based on the presumed religious affiliation of the immigrant applicant.

Question 74

Housing Discrimination Toward Immigrants Depends on Both …. 2 characteristics

Answer 74

Immigrant and Neighborhood Characteristics

Question 75

prevalent discrimination against Middle Eastern and Moroccan immigrants in Europe. Influence of adding info?

Answer 75

Positive information on socioeconomic characteristics improved the situation for these groups but did not completely eliminate the housing discrimination they experienced

Question 76

infleunce of imm concentration neighbourhood composition on housing bias?

Answer 76

housing discrimination decreased in a linear fashion in relation to immigrant concentration in an area, such that housing discrimination against Moroccan immigrants was reduced in areas with larger shares of immigrants
but also study showing more discrimination against immigrants was evident in regions with higher concentrations of immigrants= discrepent findings

Question 77

Restrictive Immigration Policies and Practices as Forms of Discrimination?

Answer 77

support for and implementation of restrictive immigration policies and practices may be considered forms of discrimination, immigration policies and practices may both reflect and influence public attitudes. e.g. language of targets vs controls

Question 78

amily migrants from Turkey and Morocco … bear ‘characteristics that are unfavorable for good integration into Dutch society, Germany, those proposing pre-entry language tests for spouses explicitly justified the targeting of Muslim immigrants because of their “cultural backwardness”

Answer 78

examples

Question 79

Immigrants’ Perceptions of Discrimination and the Role of National Origin and Context

Question 80

T: subjective experience of being unfairly or unequally treated based on social group membership

Answer 80

Perceived discrimination

Question 81

there is not a one-to-one correspondence between acts of discrimination and perceptions of discrimination t or f

Answer 81

t

Question 82

what contemporary phenom makes worse percieved discrim

Answer 82

he prevalence of subtle bias means that targets of discrimination may not be sure whether the cues they are using to identify bias are accurate. for immigrants today, the disconnect between actual discrimination and perceived discrimination may be quite large.

Question 83

Perceptions of discrimination have been found to differ among immigrant groups on the basis of a wide variety of factors, including not …4

Answer 83

only race and immigrant status but also language ability, class, and perceived foreignness.

Question 84

this discrimination was seen as most likely to occur at work or when applying for a …3

Answer 84

job, in a customer service situation, and on the street

Question 85

There also seems to be an indication that perceptions of discrimination in the United States increase with length of time in the country why

Answer 85

expectations in perceiving discrimination, more sensitive to unequal treatment and attribute it to discrimination

Question 86

influence of spatial clustering of perceived discrimination

Answer 86

while native-born individuals’ attitudes toward immigrants vary across localities, immigrants’ perceptions of discrimination do not, suggesting a disconnect between native-born individuals’ attitudes toward immigrants and immigrants’ perceptions of discrimination= perceptual

Question 87

The Impact of Discrimination in Employment, Housing, and Immigration Policy for Immigrants, Immigrant Families, and Receiving Societies

Question 88

CONSEQUENCES OF DISCRIMINATION

Answer 88

The Impact of Discrimination in Employment, Housing, and Immigration Policy for Immigrants, Immigrant Families, and Receiving Societies,

Question 89

Consequences of employment discrimination

Answer 89

if discrimination toward these individuals is occurring, both the immigrants and the receiving society lose out, with the skills of new immigrants not being fully utilized. underemployed, working in jobs that underutilize their education, skills, and previous work experience. This leads to lower economic and psychological well-being, economic losses resulting from the unemployment and underemployment. skills may not be fully utilized. implications for the families of immigrants, including their children

Question 90

Consequences of housing discrimination

Answer 90

elclave, social support, work and healthcare access

Question 91

enclave pros and cons

Answer 91

benefits include feelings of comfort in daily interactions with co-ethnics; the disadvantages include barriers to accessing mainstream services and resources as well as barriers to economic opportunities and the establishment of social capital outside of one’s immigrant group.

Question 92

what are the trust issues

Answer 92

immigrants tend to trust others less than nonimmigrants

Question 93

what are the life satisfaction issues

Answer 93

first year post-migration (sometimes considered the honeymoon period), immigrants, particularly those from African, Asian, and Turkish backgrounds, report lower levels of life satisfaction than the native born, and that these differences are reduced significantly when perceived discrimination is taken into account.

Question 94

mental health?

Answer 94

perceptions of overt discrimination were associated with lower positive affect experienced by the immigrants, whereas perceptions of subtle discrimination were associated with depressive symptoms. the latter relation was mediated by cognitive appraisals of the discrimination as frustrating and excluding, and as a source of feelings of powerlessness and shame.

Question 95

physical health?

Answer 95

the effects of perceived discrimination on physical health were mediated by its effects on mental health: Perceived discrimination led to poorer mental health, which in turn led to poorer physical health. perceived discrimination that was experienced as stressful predicted poorer health across all three measures