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PRAXIS PREP! > Prevention and intervention > Flashcards

Prevention and intervention Flashcards

1
Q

Which strategies are used to help a student with assertiveness issues?

A

modeling and rehearsal

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2
Q

________ refers to a process of attempting to intervene in a proactive manner with a student or personnel to avoid occurrence of a negative outcome.

A

prevention

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3
Q

________ can be further defined as a set of procedures designed to improve student performance and reduce students’ problems

A

Intervention

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4
Q

name 4 CBT techniques

A
  • applied behavior analysis
  • functional behavioral analysis
  • cognitive behavioral strategies
  • behavior modification

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5
Q

Response cost: an effective ________ technique

A

behavioral modification

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6
Q

the process of systematically applying interventions based upon the principles of learning theory to improve socially significant behaviors to a meaningful degree, and to demonstrate that the interventions employed are responsible for the improvement in behavior“

A

applied behavior analysis

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7
Q
  • Removal of an earned reward that usually reduces or modifies negative behaviors
  • Example: student throws food in the cafeteria must forgo his or her recess by cleaning up his or her mess.
  • Overcorrection: Child not only is required to clean up his or her food, but the entire area- key piece in another technique “restorative justice”
A

response cost

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8
Q

Self-talk is a type of ________.

A

cognitive behavioral strategy

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9
Q
  • Cognitive approach to changing behavior
  • Vital to understand what a student is saying to himself or herself before, during and after an undesirable act
  • Changing it can modify behaviors
A

self-talk

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10
Q

ABC’s stands for

A
  • Antecedence of behavior
  • the Behavior itself
  • Consequence (what maintains) the behavior
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11
Q

Several school psychologists believe that all behavior is purposeful and is intiated by __________ and is maintained by its consequences.

A

antecedent (triggering event)

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12
Q

Good interventionists always ask, “What is the ______ for the behavior?”

A

payoff

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13
Q

If you change the trigger and the payoff for the target behavior, then the behavior ________ __________.

A

will change

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14
Q

reinforcement after a set number of instances

A

fixed ratio

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15
Q

reinforcement variably after event

A

variable ratio

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16
Q

reinforcement after a fixed amount of time

A

Fixed Interval

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17
Q

reinforcement variably in time

A

Variable Interval

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18
Q

most resistance to change once the behavior is shaped by this method

A

Variable Interval

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19
Q

Receiving a good grade every time you read 2 chapters of the book

A

fixed ratio

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20
Q

Random drug testing for a professional athlete

A

variable interval

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21
Q

A slot machine at a casino operates on this schedule:

A

variable ratio

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22
Q

Selling Girl Scout cookies door to door

A

variable ratio

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23
Q

An athlete’s contract specifies salary increases to be negotiated every 3 years

A

fixed interval

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24
Q

Watching for shooting stars

A

variable interval

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25
Q

A worker receives $1 for every 100 envelopes stuffed and sealed

A

fixed ratio

26
Q

Getting a paycheck every three weeks.

A

fixed interval

27
Q

A lab rat gets reinforced with a food pellet every other time it pushes down the lever

A

fixed ratio

28
Q

A lab rat gets reinforced with a food pellet every three minutes, assuming that it is pushing the lever down

A

fixed interval

29
Q

A lab rat gets reinforced with a food pellet randomly throughout the day, assuming that it is pushing down the lever

A

variable interval

30
Q

A lab rat gets reinforced with a food pellet on the 3rd time it pushes down the lever, then on the 7th time, then on the 21st time, etc

A

variable ratio

31
Q

A child gets his toys taken away for fighting with his sister

A

Negative Punishment

32
Q

A toddler is given a cookie after saying “please”

A

Positive Reinforcement

33
Q

Cleaning the house to get rid of a mess

A

negative reinforcement

34
Q

An student is yelled at by a teacher for being late

A

Positive Punishment

35
Q

A student who is disruptive can no longer listen to music during work time

A

Negative Punishment

36
Q

Watching your favorite TV show after doing all of your homework

A

Positive Reinforcement

37
Q

Spanking a child

A

Positive Punishment

38
Q

Taking vitamins to avoid getting sick

A

Negative Reinforcement

39
Q

Getting a candy bar after putting money into a vending machine

A

Positive Reinforcement

40
Q

A dolphin trainer walks away with a the fish bucket when a dolphin gets aggressive

A

Negative Punishment

41
Q

Getting praise after singing karaoke

A

Positive Reinforcement

42
Q

Fly fishing: Casting and reeling back several times before catching a fish

A

variable ratio

43
Q

Frequent flyer program: getting a free flight after accumulating 1000 flight miles.

A

Fixed Ratio

44
Q

Difference between punishment and negative and positive reinforcement

A
  • Punishment: decreases behavior
  • Negative reinforcement: increases behavior
  • Positive reinforcement: increases behavior
45
Q

used by behaviorists to modifiy behavior
• Emphasizes that a desirable task can reinforce a lower level task.
• Example: child can eat a cookie (higher level task) after he/she finishes homework (lower level task

A

Premack Principal

46
Q

________ are interventions which are used on an ongoing basis in an attempt to reduce the likelihood of occurrence of the challenging behavior. They are preventative and usually deal with the conditions that precede the behavior.

A

Proactive strategies

47
Q

are those techniques used in an emergency or crisis situation to gain control of dangerous, out of control behaviors.

A

Reactive Strategies

48
Q

Seclusion is an example of a __________ strategy.

A

reactive

49
Q

Assumptions underlying behavioral therapy?

A
  • Human behavior is governed by basic learning principles.
  • Humans are neither good nor evil; they are shaped by their environment.
  • All people are capable of modifying behaviors under the right circumstance.
50
Q

____________, considered the father of BT, developed systematic desensitization based upon a conditioning model of learn

A

Joseph Wolpe

51
Q

_________ was the champion of operant or instrumental conditioning, a model of learning theory focusing on shaping behavior primarily through reinforcements.

A

B. F. Skinner

52
Q

_________ developed social learning theory, a model that expanded learning theory to include concepts like modeling and self-efficacy as important in learning and producing behavior.

A

Albert Bandura

53
Q

What are some different techniques used in CBT interventions ?

A
  • Journaling
  • Modeling
  • Role-play
54
Q

__________ developed a system that he calls “technical eclecticism,” using the acronym BASIC ID to represent different aspects of a person’s life and treatment foci.

A

Arnold Lazarus

55
Q

Ultimate goal and role is to increase students’ level of independence and responsibility

A

special education services

56
Q

• Changes in the environment, such as letting a student use a quiet room to take a test

A

curriculum accomodations

57
Q
  • Actually changing a task to perform
  • Example: Student with difficulty writing might be allowed to complete half the number of questions than his or her peers.
A

curriculum modifications

58
Q

• The practice of requiring a child to repeat a grade or requiring a child of appropriate chronological age to delay entry to kindergarten or first grade.

A

retention

59
Q

_________ of students are retained at least once before ninth grade, with highest rate among poor, minority and inner city youth.

A

30-50%

60
Q

• Research has not shown support for grade retention, however, retention has increased due to the recent school reform movement (NCLB) which emphasizes grade level standards and assessment, and the end of social promotion (practice of promoting students with same age peers even if they have not mastered grade level content).

true or false

A

TRUE

61
Q

Those more likely to be retained include:

A
  1. Black and Hispanic males
    2. Late birthdays, Delayed development, attention problems
    3. Living in poverty, single parent homes
    4. Frequent school changes, chronic absenteeism
    5. Low parent education and involvement
    6 Behavior problems, aggressive, immature
    7. Difficult with peer relations, low self esteem, low confidence
    8. Reading Problems (ELL included)
62
Q

What are some possible outcomes of grade retention?

A
  1. Initial improvement, but decline in gains within two to three years of retention.
    1. Do same or worse then children not retained, in the long run
    2. No positive long term outcomes
    3. 5 TO 11 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO DROP OUT OF SCHOOL

PRAXIS PREP! (25 decks)

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