Principles: Bones and Cartilages

Question 1

give an example of a fibrous joint?

Answer 1

right interosseous membrane = between the tibia and fibula

Question 2

what are syndesmoses?

Answer 2

unites bones with fibrous sheet and is partially moveable

Question 3

what are sutures?

Answer 3

between bones of skull e.g. coronal suture and is highly stable

Question 4

what are frontanelles?

Answer 4

wide sutures in the neonatal skull

superior, posterior and lateral frontanelles

allows the growing frontal, parietal and temporal bones to slide over each other

Question 5

give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint?

Answer 5

long bone epiphyseal growth plate

Question 6

give an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint?

Answer 6

intervertebral discs

Question 7

give an example when a primary cartilaginous joint slips?

Answer 7

slipped femoral epiphysis

Question 8

give an example when a secondary cartilaginous joint clips?

Answer 8

slipped disc

Question 9

what is the outer and inner layer of a secondary cartilaginous joint called?

Answer 9

outer = annulpis fibrosis
inner = nucleous pulposus

Question 10

name 8 typical features of a synovial joint?

Answer 10

1. 2+ bones articulating with each other
2. articular surfaces are covered in hyaline cartilage
3. a capsule is wrapped around the joint
4. contains a joint cavity
5. supported by ligaments
6. associated with skeletal muscles and their tendons
7. associated with bursae = prevents friction around the joint
8. often have special features

Question 11

give an example of a pivot joint?

Answer 11

atlanto-axis joint = rotation of the head (>45 degrees)

Question 12

give an example of a ball and socket joint?

Answer 12

hip joint = good range of multi-axis movement

Question 13

give an example of a plane joint?

Answer 13

acromioclavicular joint = minimal movement in one plane

clavicle/scapula

Question 14

give an example of a hinge joint?

Answer 14

elbow joint = reasonable range of movement in one plane

Question 15

give an example of a biaxial joint?

Answer 15

condyloid joint/saddle joint

metacarpophalangeal joint = reasonable range of movement in one plane and less in another

Question 16

what joint has: 
flexion - 180
extension = 90
abduction = 180
adduction = 45
internal rotation = 90 
external rotation = 60

Answer 16

shoulder joint

Question 17

what joint has: 
flexion = 135
extension = 15
abduction = 45
adduction = 30
internal rotation = 35 
external rotation = 45

Answer 17

hip joint

Question 18

what happens in a subluxation?

Answer 18

reduced surface area of contact between articular surfaces

Question 19

what is a dislocation?

Answer 19

complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

Question 20

what happens when you dislocate your TMJ?

Answer 20

the head of the condylar process of the mandible becomes ‘stuck’ anterior to the articular tubercle of the temporal bone

Question 21

what is the special feature of the TMJ?

Answer 21

articular disc