Principles of drug interactions

Question 1

usually the drugs forms chemical bonds with specific sites, called _______ within the body

Answer 1

Receptor

Question 2

the study of the interactions between drugs and their receptors and the series of events that result in a pharmacologic response

Answer 2

pharmacodynamics

Question 3

drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response

Answer 3

agonists

Question 4

drugs that attach to a receptor but do not stimulate a response

Answer 4

antagonists

Question 5

drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response but inhibit other responses

Answer 5

partial agonists

Question 6

route that the drug is administered directly into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by the oral, rectal, or nasogastric tube

Answer 6

enteral

Question 7

route bypasses the GI tract with the use of subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous injection

Answer 7

parenteral

Question 8

route involves drugs being absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes. methods include: inhalation, sublingual (under the tongue), and topical (on the skin) administration

Answer 8

percutaneous

Question 9

the study of the mathematic relationship among the ADME features of individual medicines over time

Answer 9

pharmacokinetics

Question 10

the rate of absorption when a drug is administered by a parenteral route depends

Answer 10

on the rate blood flow through the tissues

Question 11

have the slowest absorption rate, especially is peripheral circulation is impaired

Answer 11

subcutaneous (subcut) injections

Question 12

are more rapidly absorbed because of greater blood flow per unit weight of muscle as compared with subcutaneous tissue

Answer 12

intramuscular (IM) injections

Question 13

organs with the most extensive blood supplies

Answer 13

heart, liver, kidneys, brain

Question 14

areas with less extensive blood supplies

Answer 14

muscle, skin, fat

Question 15

two factors that influence drug distribution

Answer 15

protein binding and lipid fat solubility

Question 16

most drugs are transported in combination with plasma protein specially ________

Answer 16

Albumin

Question 17

have a high affinity for adipose tissue, which serves as a repository site for these agents

Answer 17

lipid-soluble drugs

Question 18

is the process whereby the body inactivates drugs

Answer 18

metabolism

Question 19

the two primary routes of excretion

Answer 19

GI tract into the feces and renal tubules into the urine

Question 20

other routes of excretion

Answer 20

evaporation through the skin, exhalation from the lungs, and secretion into saliva and breast milk

Question 21

is defined as the amount of time required for 50% of the drug to be eliminated from the body

Answer 21

half-life

Question 22

half-life of 36 hours

Answer 22

Digoxin

Question 23

half-life of 5 hours

Answer 23

Aspirin

Question 24

peak action

Answer 24

is the time at which the drugs reaches the highest concentrations on the target receptor sites, thereby inducing the maximal pharmacologic response for the dose given

Question 25

time-response curve

Answer 25

demonstrates the relationship between the administration of a drug and the associated response

Question 26

examples of drugs that are important to be measured to ensure that the drug level is between therapeutic range

Answer 26

anticonvulsants, aminoglycoside antibiotics

Question 27

the classes of medicines that account for the largest number of ADRs

Answer 27

antibiotics, cardiovascular medicines, cancer chemotherapy agents, analgesics, and anti-inflammatory agents

Question 28

idiosyncratic reaction

Answer 28

occurs when something unusual or abnormal happens when a drug is first administered

Question 29

life-threatening reaction that cause respiratory distress and cardiovascular collapse

Answer 29

anaphylactic reaction

Question 30

occur when the action of one drug is altered by the action of another drug

Answer 30

drug interaction

Question 31

antacids

Answer 31

inhibit the dissolution of ketoconazole tablets by increasing the gastric pH

Question 32

Aluminum-containing antacids

Answer 32

inhibit the absorption of tetracycline

Question 33

the anticoagulant action of warfarin is increased by

Answer 33

administration with furosemide, which is a loop diuretic

Question 34

furosemide

Answer 34

displaces warfarin from albumin-binding sites, thereby increasing the amount of unbound anticoagulant

Question 35

medications known to bind to enzymes and to slow the metabolism of other drugs

Answer 35

verapamil, chloramphenicol, ketoconazole, amiodarone, cimetidine, erythromycin

Question 36

inhibits the metabolism of theophylline

Answer 36

erythromycin

Question 37

common drugs that bind to an enzyme that increases its metabolism of the drug (enzyme inducers)

Answer 37

phenobarbital, carbamazepine, rifampin, phenytoin

Question 38

rapidly metabolized drugs

Answer 38

disopyramide, doxycycline, griseofulvin, warfarin, metronidazole, mexiletine, quinidine, theophylline, verapamil

Question 39

acetazolamide

Answer 39

elevates urine pH and quinidine

Question 40

the alkaline urine produced by acetazolamide causes

Answer 40

quinidine to be reabsorbed in the renal tubules, which potentially increases the physiologic and toxic effects of quinidine

Question 41

two drugs with similar actions are taken for an increased effect. hydrocodone + acetaminophen = added analgesic effect

Answer 41

additive effect

Question 42

the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of the effect of each drug given together aspirin + codeine = much greater analgesic effect

Answer 42

synergistic effect

Question 43

one drug interferes with the action of another | tetracycline + antacid = decreased absorption of the tetracycline

Answer 43

antagonistic effect

Question 44

the ________ of the first drug from protein-binding sites (bound drugs are inactive) by a second drug increases the activity of the first drug because more unbound drug is available warfarin + valproic acid = increased anticoagulant effect

Answer 44

displacement

Question 45

the first drug inhibits the metabolism or excretion of the second drug, thereby causing increased activity of the second drug probenecid + ampicillin = prolonged antibacterial activity of ampicillin because probenecid blocks the renal excretion of ampicillin

Answer 45

interference

Question 46

the first drug is chemically incompatible with the second drug, thereby causing deterioration when the drugs are mixed in the same syringe or solution or are administered together at the same site; signs include haziness, formation of a precipitate, or a change in the color of the solution when the drugs are mixed ampicillin + gentamicin = ampicillin inactivates gentamicin

Answer 46

incompatibility