Progress Test Flashcards
1
Q
How often should AEC sensitivity test be done
A
1-3
Months
2
Q
Non medical
Exposure
A
IR imaging but does not benefit their health ie research or law enforcement
3
Q
Inverse square law
A
Doubling the SID requires 4 fold increase in mAS
4
Q
Grid cut off
A
Unwanted absorption of X-rays via a grid when a grid is employed incorrectly
5
Q
Compton scatter
A
Interaction of xray photo with outer shell electron and can scatter in any direction
6
Q
Photoelectric effect
A
During collision photon gives all its energy
7
Q
Characteristic
A
Electrons move from lower shell to higher shell, energy relased as xray photon
8
Q
Bremsstralung
A
Breaking radiation, radiation given off by free electrons that are deflected. Energy of photos hitting anode is xray photons
9
Q
Planks constant
A
Smallest amount of energy needed for action
10
Q
Fluoro- digital zoom
A
Post processing , doesn’t change dose
11
Q
Magnification
A
Electronically by focusing electron beam, increased dose and skin dose when magnification used
12
Q
Intrinsic resolution
A
Limit of spatial resolution achievable by the detector - limited by pixel size
13
Q
Focused grid
A
For certain SIDs
14
Q
Linear grid
A
All lead strips alligned in a tilted fashion toward a centre point
15
Q
Grid ratio
A
Height of lead strips in grid and space between them
16
Q
Vignetting
A
Effect causes by light scatter within active image area and describes when the increased intensity of uniformly exposed image relative to periphery - image intensifiers susceptible to vignetting
17
Q
Generator
A
Amplified voltage step up transformer converts AC to DC
18
Q
Creep
A
Gradual increase in exposure to perceived advantages of overexposing
19
Q
Spatial resolution
A
How many pixels comprise the digital
Image
20
Q
Why is there a compromise between spatial resolution and signal to noise ratio?
A
Spatial
Resolution increases wigh pixel density and smaller pixels collect less protons thus decreasing signal to noise ratio
21
Q
How much data space is saved by compressing a 12 bit image to 8 bit image
A
16th of 12 but image
22
Q
If image is obtained using 8
Bit analogue to digital converter how many grey scales will appear in the image?
A
256 (2 to power of 8)
23
Q
Cones in retina
A
Adjus to wavelengths of light, adjust to brightness so softer light is easier to see greyscales
24
Q
Torus fracture aka buckle
A
Mostly caused by FOOSH, causes one side of bone to bend and form a ‘lump’
25
Salter Harris fracture
Involves growth plate, measured in 1-5 scale
26
Pneumonia
Infection of air sacs of lung- cough, plelgm, fever, chills and difficulty breathing
27
Spina bfida
When baby’s brain abs spinal cord does
Not develop properly in the womb causing a gap in the spine
28
Emphysema
Lung disease which results in shortness of breath due to destruction and dilation of the alveoli
29
Ligament
Bone to bone
30
Tendon
Muscle to bone
31
Osteoclasts
Absorbs old bone
32
Osteoblasts
New one to replace
Old
33
Fibrous joint
Static- skull
34
Cartilaginous
Semi moveable - spine,
35
Synovial
Freely moveable - hip (ball and socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, condoled, gliding/plane)
36
Synovial membrane
Fibrous capsule around the joint- provides lubrication, absorption and nutrient distribution
37
Low concentration to high concentration
Active transport
38
Automatic centre th at controls BP, HR and digestion
Medulla oblangata
39
Hormones
Chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to other specific tissues
40
Benign tumour
Fibroma
41
Rare cancer that grows in connective tissue I.e bones, muscles, tendons
Sarcoma
42
Hypoplasia
Arrested development in which organ remains in immature state
43
Idiopathic
Disease of unknown cause
44
Hyper tension
High BP I.e 150/100mmHg
45
Hypotension
Low BP I.e 90/60mmHg
46
Osmolality
Measure of how one substance has dissolved in another
47
What has highest osmolality?
Ionic dimer
48
Why glucagon rather than buscopan?
Patients with glaucoma (pressure in eye) as buscopan can cause blurring of vision
49
Fractionation
How many sessions
50
Protraction
Over how long/time
51
Scientific notation
How many places decimal
Point has moved
52
Electrostatic charge of an electron
1.6 x 10-19
53
Excitation
Electron from atom or molecule raised to higher energy level but not ejected
54
Mode, mean, median
Mode- most common
Mean- average (add together and divide by number there is)
Median- put numbers in order and middle digit is median
55
Range
Difference between lowest and highest
56
Radio sensitivity
Highest as fetus, deceased as get older then increases in old age
57
Radiosensitivity, physical factors
Linear energy transfer (LET), relative biological effectiveness (RBE), protraction and fractionation
58
Detective quantum efficiency (DQE)
Efficiency of a system converting incident xray energy into image signal
59
Exposure index
Amount of radiation incident on receptor
60
Ultrasound
Bean is reflected from surface between 2 media that have difference acoustic impedances
61
Ultrasound frequencies
2-15 MHz
62
Ultrasound QA
Transducer drop out tests
63
MRI AI machine learning
Can be used to automatically pan sequences, increasing reproducibility and reducing positioning errors
64
MRI synthetic sequences
Where single acquisition is undertaken and reconstructed to yield multiple tissue weightings thereby saving scanning time and being particular use for paediatric and distressed patients
65
Atomic number of barium
56
66
Atomic number of fat tissue
6.3
67
Atomic number of lung and muscle
7.4
68
Atomic number of bone
13.8
69
Function of photocathode in fluoro tube design
Photocathode releases electrons in direct proportion to the visible light from the input phosphor that is incident on its surface
70
optimal features of flat panel
Detectors in production of low dose images during fluoro examinations
Inherent electronic noise of the detector must be extremely low and the required dynamic range is high
71
What describes what occurs when water is irradiated with ionising radiation which can then lead to molecular damage
Water dissociated into two ion pairs HOH- and HOH+ which dissociate further to produce free radicals of hydrogen and hydroxyl
72
Major blood vessel that provided approx 75% of blood to the liver
Hepatic portal vein
73
Osteocytes
Derived from osteoblasts, lies within formed bone
74
External respiration
Gas exchange in the lungs
75
C-spine fractures
Hangman’s, axial loading, hyprerextension, rotation, peg, hyper flexion
76
Shoulder fractures
Banker fracture, hill sachs (when shoulder is dislocated anteriorly)
77
Non ossifying fibroma
Benign, non aggressive tumour that consists mainly of fibrous tissue, usually occurs in flared end of lower femur or tibia, no symptoms and usually resolved by itself
78
Nephrotic systemic fibrosis
Rare disease that occurs mainly in people with advanced kidney failure with or without dialysis
79
Suspected allergic reaction to contrast media
Trained person can administer adrenaline- 1:1000, 0.5 ml intramuscularly
80
Linear chelates
Any of a class of coordination or complex compounds consisting of a central metal atom attached to a large molecule, called a ligand in a cyclic or ring structure
81
Box and whisker plot- what if one of the whiskers is long?
Data has a large variance in one direction only
82
Probability distribution
Function which represents the probabilities of all possible values in the experiment
83
Poison probability distribution
Had a variance which is not uniform in different directions
84
Photon flux graph
Measurement of total number of photons coming out of light source per second
85
Role of glass envelope in xray tube
Provide a vacuum
86
Which vessel supplies myocardial tissue
Coronary arteries
87
Hormones related to menstrual cycle
Luteinizing, follicle stimulating, strongman and progesterone
88
Which mechanism helps regulate endocrine system
Hypothalamus
89
Normal acidity of blood
7.35-7.45
90
When there is an increase in BP what does hypothalamus release?
Angiotensin II?
91
What nerves are responsible for taste?
Cranial nerve, facial nerve
92
Mesothelioma
Cancer of mesothelioma tissue associated with exposure to asbestos
93
Intraaericular fracture
Fracture that crosses joint surface
94
Comminuted fracture
Broken bones fractured into more than. 3 separate pieces
95
Greenstock
Fracture of one side of the bone only
96
Air kerma
Amount of energy that a photon has when it hits something can be described as air kerma
97
Atomic number of iodine
53
98
Viscosity
Measure of a fluids resistance to flow
99
MRI linac
Combines highly precise imaging and radiotherapy delivery system that allows for real time imaging with soft tissue definiation superior to that of current standard of care systems
100
Volume rendering
Type of data visualisation technique which creates a three dimensional representation of data
101
Secondary use data
Use of health data in the processing of health data for purposes other than the initial purposes of which the data was collected ie researchers re process clinical and health insurance data to investigate cost effectiveness of a product
102
Two functional
Parts of PNS called
Afferent and efferent divisions
103
What type of current is mains electric?
AC
104
What is brightness measured in?
Lux (lumen cm-2)
105
What is angular frequency measuring.?
How fast something is turning
106
Diagnostic energy levels
10 4. -10 5.5 Kev
107
What has High osmolality?
Gastrograffin
108
4 biological effects of radiation
Oxygen effect, age, recovery and chemical agents
109
What does window width adjust?
Range of gray scales
110
Window level adjusts
Brightness
111
SID used in mammo
65cm
112
What is slice width in CT?
Area being irradiated
113
What WW and WL is used for lung fields?
1500/-600
114
What proportion of Rayleigh scattering happened
<5%
115
What does a proton density scan represent?
Differing hydrogen activity
116
How is fat signal destroyed?
STIR sequence
117
Which gases are in CT detector array?
Krypton/xenon
118
How much is the incident electron amplified in a photomultiplier tube?
By factor 4 10
119
Difference between monomer and dimer contrast?
Number of benzene rings
120
What do you lack in osteogenesis imperfecta?
Lack of type I collagen connective tissue
121
Scorpio vision
Twilight, black and white
122
Where are the cones in the eye found?
At the fovea (central) part of the retina
123
Photo pic vision
Daylight, red/blue/green
124
Where does internal respiration happen?
Between capillaries and cells
125
What is an anaphylactoid reaction?
1st exposure to an allergen
126
Binary numbers
0- 0000
1- 0001
2-0010
3-0011
127
Removes salt and pepper noise
Median filter
128
Fourier analysis appropriate method to remove
Periodic noise
129
Radiolucent
Does not block radiation/lets it pass through
130
Radiopaque
Radiation cannot pass through
131
Plexus
Nerves, lymph vessels and blood vessels
132
Which hormones releases calcium from bone
Parathyroid
133
Mediator response to noxious stimulus and triggers pain response
Prostaglandin
134
Part of digestion when releasing hydrochloric acids and pepsin release
Cephalic
135
Platonic
Disease caused by treatment of medical intervention
136
Symptoms of Herniation of cerebellum through foramen magnum
Sever headaches, double vision, vomiting and interracial pressure
137
Bronchiectasis
Airways of the lungs abnormally widened due to excess mucus which makes lungs susceptible to infection
138
What is a Nerve cell?
Extension that conveys impulses away from cell body (dendrite)
139
Strongest US reflection
Skin and rib
140
Multi slice CT
Pitch is the distance travelled by table in one 360 degree gantry rotation divided by beam collimation
141
What does FLAIR mean in MRI
Fluid attenuated inversion recovery
142
POM
Prescription only medicine
143
Hormones released by the medulla of adrenal gland
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
144
Intussusception
Length of intestine which has invaginated into itself
145
Normal variant of shoulder
Is acromiale
146
Flail thoracic segment
3 or more ribs features in 2 or
More places
147
In a gamma camera which structure converts gamma photons into light photons?
Sodium iodide crystals
148
Isotonic contrast agent
Same concentration as blood so an excess of water is not drawn out of or into blood cells
149
Contrast k edge
K edge is energy used to emit electron from
K shell for iodine and barium in range of 30-40 Kev which contributes to photo electron absorption, makes them
More effective contract agents
150
What is the wavelength of an xray on EM spectrum
10-8 to 10-11
151
IR wavelengths on EM spectrum
10-7 to 10-18
152
Bremsstrahlung on graph
Up then curve and down
153
Characteristic radiation on graphs
Short quick curves then another maybe smaller
154
RPS key role
Oversee work and make sure local rules being followed
155
Comforter and carer comes under
iRMER
156
How to reduce dose to patient and staff in theatre
Pulsed beam fluoro, lead protection and distance from patient
157
Non medical referrer definition
Nurse or AHP who has extended their role to include radiology, must be registered healthcare professional and undergone specific radiation training inc risk and benefits and be on referrer list
158
Accidental or unintended exposure
Accidental - Received in error when no exposure of any kind was intended
Unintended- although exposure of individual was intended, the exposure received was significantly greater or different to that intended
159
RIS
Radiology information system
160
Equivalent exposure
Use 15% rule??
161
Probability of xray photo interaction with receptor
Interaction probability or detection probability
Absorption probability- likelihood xray will be absorbed by detector material
162
Linear attenuation co efficient
How strongly photons are attenuated as they pass through detector
163
High dynamic range advantages
Capture wide range of xray intensities-
Improved image contrast and detail,
Detection of Subtle fractures,
Reduced needs for repeats, reduces need for higher doses, improved quantification and accuracy
164
How does kV impact image quality?
Image contrast- higher can penetrate denser tissues so results in lower contrast
lower kv means higher contrast - when needed fine detail
Penetration and exposure,
Radiation dose - higher kv usually means lower dose as higher energy photons more efficient at penetrating body,
Resolution and noise- high kv more image noise because less photos being absorbed by tissues
Lower kv, less noise as more photos absorbed by body but can result in increased quantum noise
Higher kv- more scatter
165
Where in xray tube does bremsstrahlung and characteristic interactions occur?
Anode within target material, tungsten
166
Light beam diaphragm remedial and suspension levels
Remedial- +/- 10%
Suspension - +/- 20%
167
What would be the highest resolution of line pairs for best image resolution?
Higher the better? Measured in line pairs per mm
168
In which quadrant is the spleen located?
Left upper (LUQ)
169
Synovial fluid function
Reduce friction during movement
170
Main purpose of DXA LVS scan
Detect vertebral fractures
171
If using a grid with grid factor of 2
How does this change the exposure factors?
The grid factor indicates how much the exposures need to be increased to
Maintain adequate image reception exposure so if using grid factor 2 would need to double the original exposures
172
Pouch like structure at proximal end of large intestine
Cecum
173
Pouch like structure at proximal end of large intestine
Cecum
174
Calculating current in amps
I = current in amps
V= voltage in volts
R= resistance in ohms
I.e voltage 12v, resistance 6 would be 12/6 = 2 amps
175
Most common symptom of sub arachnoid haemorrhage
Thunderclap headache
176
2 hormones that work together to maintain calcium homeostasis
Parathyroid and vitamin D
177
Skeletal system minerals
Calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D?
178
Where are flat bones located?
Skull, face, rib cage, sternum, shoulder (scapular) and pelvis/hip
179
What articular disc Unites the joint?
Sternoclavicular joint
180
Description and function of basil
Ganglia
Part of complex network involved in controlling motor functions, behaviour and cognition. Influence motor
Pathways by modulating signals travelling between brain and spinal
Cord
181
How body responds to chronic respiratory alkalosis? (Long term decrease in arterial co2
Body responds through compensatory mechanisms aimed at restoring acid
Base balance- bicarbonate buffer system, respiratory adaptation, kidneys reduce bicarbonate, secrete fewer H+ ions into urine to retain more acidity in blood which helps to normalize ph over time, decrease in serum HCO3 concentration
182
Whatis the name
When IR causes direct DNA molecular damage?
Direct effect?
183
To sharpen and image what filter should be used?
Gaussian high pass
Filter??
184
What is a median filter?
Used to move noise from images and improve quality
185
What is a
Smooth filter?
Most basic of filtering, “low pass” also called blurring or smoothing averages out rapid changes in intensity
186
What is the difference between gradient coils and receive coils in MRI?
Gradient is within the machine, and modify the magnetic field for spatial encoding of the MR signal
Receive coils detect and transmit RF signal from the body for image reconstruction - added to the patients depending on where the scan is ie head coil, shoulder coil, body coils etc
187
How many shades of grey can human eye see?
30-60 shades without software assistance
188
What is a US focused transducer?
Designed to emit US waves that converge at focal point either mechanically or electronically which creates a high energy, concentrated area which enhances resolution or therapeutic effect
189
What kv is
Normally used in mammography ?
Between 25-35 kV
190
What would decrease signal to noise ratio?
Increase kV
Decrease mA
Increasing distance (SID)
191
What is the purpose of the gamma flood test?
To check- uniformity, calibration and performance of the detector field
192
Why does the mri phantom have to be left for 10-15 mins once fitted before wa can start?
Reduces likelihood of artifice due to non uniform magnetic field or other transient conditions - bubbles??
193
In CT QA how many housfield units can it be out by to pass?
+/- 10HU
194
What is aplastic anaemia?
When body stops producing enough new blood cells, can lead to be fatigued, prone to infection and uncontrolled bleeding
195
What is tear of tunica intima of blood vessel called? (Innermost layer of blood vessel)
Dissection
196
What is it if you have erythrocyte sedimentation (ESR) and positive Bence jones urine test?
Sign of multiple myeloma
197
What does dose INDEPENDENT reaction mean?
Does NOT depend on amount or
Dose of a drug, reaction will occur at same level regardless of how much of the substance of administered
198
What type of bone cell takes up Tc99m?
Osteoblast as they are active during formation and repair of bone
199
What is macrocyclic agent?
Type of chelator used in radio pharmaceuticals, have large ring like molecular shape with multiple binding sites that can coordinate with a metal ion
200
What are the emerging technologies for breast cancer diagnosis?
Digital breast tomosythesis (DBT)/ 3D mammography
Contrast enhanced mammo (CEM)
MRI with advanced techniques, dynamic contrast enhanced
Ultrasound with elastography
Liquid biopsies
Molecular breast imaging
201
What is an array sensor?
Type of sensor that consists of
Multiple individual sensing elements arranged in a grid or array format which can indpendantlh detect and respond to a specific portion of incoming signal or input
202
What are the two
Types of photoreceptors in the eyes?
Rods- vision in low light conditions (scotopic), highly sensitive to light,
Not perceive colour, primarily in peripheral regions of retina
Cones- colour vision (photopic), active in bright light conditions, perceive detailed images, concentrated in fovea (central part of retina)
203
What is brightness discrimination?
Refers to ability of visual system to distinguish between different level of brightness or intensity. How well the eye can detect differences in brightness between 2 or more stimuli
204
Sclerotic densities of the pelvis
Pagets disease? When bones grow larger and weaker than normal
205
What is perthes?
Childhood condition that affects hip
Joint, interruption of blood supply to femoral head which leads to death of the bone tissue (necrosis) which becomes weak and can collapse leading to deformity and joint problems
206
Enchcondroma
Usually effects adolescents and young adults, type of benign tumour that originated from cartilage, most common type, usually found within: long bones such as hands, fingers, arms and legs, slow growing and not usually symptoms usually discovered incidentally
207
Non ossifying fibroma ‘NOF’
Benign tumour usually in children and adolescents (5-20 years). Fibrous cortical defect, often found incidentally. Can cause fractures, usually long bones ie femur, tibia, humerus and usually metaphyseal region. Well defined, cortical
Thinning
208
What’s bone infarct?
Aka aseptic or vascular necrosis (avn) characterised by osteocytes and bone marrow element death that results from inadequate blood supply which causes local ischemia
209
Staghorn calculus
Type of kidney stone, branching kidney
Stone, fast growing with branches
210
Most common vein used for IV contrast
Antecubital vein
211
Atomic number
Number of protons in nucleus
212
Atomic number
Number of protons in nucleus
213
Mass number
Number of protons abs neutrons in nucleus
214
Isotope
Electrons displace and ionise, these have same number of protons but varied neutrons in nucleus
215
Isotope
Electrons displace and ionise, these have same number of protons but varied neutrons in nucleus
216
Types of IR
Alpha, beta, gamma, X-rays, cosmic particles, and high frequency ultraviolet
217
Types of IR
Alpha, beta, gamma, X-rays, cosmic particles, and high frequency ultraviolet
218
Practitioner
Person responsible for justifying the examination (radiographer, radiologist)
219
Referrer
Clinician requesting xray, must be a medical referrer and must provide justified information
220
Operator
Person undertaking the xray once checked it is justified - radiographer etc (practitioner and operator can be same person)
221
Local rules
Used in controlled area, sets out procedures that can be undertaken in that area and use of equipment
222
Fluoroscopy digital zoom
Post processing image, doesn’t effect dose
223
Fluoroscopy magnification
Focuses the electron beam so increases the dose to the skin
224
Pair production
Used in PET CT- coincident
225
Compton scatter
When interaction of xray proton with outer shell election, looses electron and is scattered in different direction
226
Photoelectric effect
During collision the photon gives all its energy
227
Characteristic
Electrons move from lower shell to higher shell and energy is released is the xray (secondary radiation)
228
Characteristic
Electrons move from lower shell to higher shell and energy is released is the xray (secondary radiation)
229
Bremsstralung
‘Breaking radiation’ radiation given off by the free electrons that are deflected
230
Frequency is
Number of complete cycles
231
Planks constant is
Smallest amount of energy required for action
232
Spatial
Resolution
How many pixels comprise the digital image
233
Why compromise between spatial resolution and signal to noise ratio?
Spatial resolution increases with pixel
Density and smaller pixels collect less photons thus increasing signal to noise ratio
234
DICOM
Digital imaging communication in medicine- defines the format for medical images to ensure they can be exchanged without loss of data and image quality needed for clinical use
235
How much data space saved by compressing a 12 bit image to 8 bit image?
16th of 12 bit image
236
If a digital image is obtained using 8 bit analogue to digital converter how many grey levels will appear on the image ?
256
237
How much more storage is needed for 10 Bit image compared to 8 bit?
X4 times (8 bit =256, 10 bit =1024)
238
How many bits needed in analogue to digital converter to produce digital image with 1024 grey scale levels?
10 bits
239
Comes in retinas adjust to wavelengths of light
Adjust to brightness so softer light needed (not pitch black) so easier to see greyscslss
240
Torus fracture
Also called buckle fracture, in children usually from foosh, causes bone to bend but not break and usually heals within 1 month
241
Salter Harris fractures
1- through growth plate line
2- extend through metaphysics and growth plate(most common type)
3- through growth plate and epiphysis (end of bone)
4-through growth plate, metaphysics and epiphysis
5- crushing type injury of growth plate itself
242
Spina bifida
When a baby’s spine and cord does not develop properly in the womb causing a gap
243
Ligament
Connects bone to bone
244
Tendons
Connects muscle to bone
245
Osteoclasts
Absorbs old bone
246
Osteoblasts
New bone to replace old
247
Fibrous
Static- ie skull
248
Cartilaginous
Semi moveable ie spine
249
Synovial joint
Moveable - ball and socket, hinge,pivot, saddle, condoled, gliding/plane ie, hip
250
Synovial membrane
Provides lubrication, shock absorption and nutrient distribution
251
Sesamoid bones
Not attached ie patella
252
Low concentration to high concentration by…
Active transport
253
Automonic centre that controls BP, HR and digestion
Medulla oblangata
254
Hormones are-
Chemical messengers which are released in one tissue and transported in bloodstream to other specific tissues
255
Fibroma
Benign tumour
256
Sarcoma
Rare cancer that grows in connective tissue ie bones, muscles and tendons
257
Hypoplasia
When organ remains in immature state
258
Hyper tension
High BP - ie 150/100mmHg
259
Hypotension
Low BP ie 90/60mmHG
260
Ewings sarcoma
Onion skin periosteal reaction, destruction of medullary cavity (hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow)
261
Osmolality
Measure of how one substance has dissolved in another
262
Ionic dimer
High osmolality
263
Fractionation
How many sessions
264
Protraction
Over how long/time
265
QA level B tests
By physicist
266
QA level A tests
Generally quick and simple, performed by radiographers
267
Scientific notation
How many places the decimal
Point has moved ie 1,800,000,000 is 1.8x10 to power of 9
268
Electrostatic charge of an electron
1.6x10 to power of -19 C
269
Excitation
When an electron from an atom or molecule is raised to higher entry level but not ejected
270
Mode
Most common
271
Mean
Average- add all together and divide by how many there is
272
Median
Put in order then middle number is median
273
Range
Difference between the lowest and highest
274
Sievert
Used for the equivalent dose
275
Exposure index
The amount of radiation incident on receptor
276
Ultrasound
Beam is reflected from surface between 2 media with different acoustic impedance’s
277
CT dual energy scanner
Single detector abs the with tube able to switch between high and low tube potentials
278
Ring detector
Used in PET CT
279
Radiopharmectutap used in PET
Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)
280
MRI- Relationship between magnetic field and processional frequency of magnetic moments
Directly proportional
281
MRI machine learning
Can be used to automatically plan sequences increasing reproducibility and reduce positioning errors
282
MRI- synthetic sequences
Single acquisition undertaken and reconstructed to yield multiple tissue weightings to save scanning time (useful for pads and distressed patients)
283
Faradays law
Electric current induced to flow in circuit is some part is in a changing magnetic field
284
DEXA
Measures bone mineral density by using 2 discrete energies of X-rays and regions of interest to adjust bone for nearby tissue and provide bone mineral density in g/cm2
285
Nuc med QC
Cobalt flood test to check photomultipler tubes working
286
Which legislation does licensing for radioactive substances fall?
IRMER 17
287
When should an amendment to a license that covers admonition of radioactive substances be sought?
New procedure, change in procedure (ie research to diagnostic) or when a significantly greater administer activity (above DRL) is intended to be administered
288
How often should AEC sensibly test be done?
1-3
Months
289
Measured uniformity test, where should regions of interest be placed?
5, 1 On each quadrant and one in centre
290
Inverse square law
Doubling source to image distance requires 4 fold increase in mAs to maintain the same effective dose/diagnsotic image
291
Grid cut off
Unwanted absortbtion of X-rays via a grid when grid is employed incorrectly
292
Atomic number of fat
6.3
293
Atomic number of muscle and lung
7.4
294
Atomic number of bone
13.8
295
Relationship between collimation field and entrance dose when recorded as DAP
5x5cm field with entrance dose of 1 mgt will result in 25mGycm2 DAP
Increasing to 10x10 Will increase to 100 (4 fold increase)
296
Exposure index limit to be investigated
20%
297
Perceptual error
When viewer doesn’t see abnormality which is readily visible
298
How does cathode within xray tube produce electrons?
Electrons are liberated from cathode Becuase they are heated by thermal energy allowing them to overcome their binding to cathode filament
299
How are X-rays produced at anode of xray?
By bremsstralung ‘breaking radiation’ and characteristic (lower to higher shell)
300
Which mechanism is the DAP measured ?
Ionization chamber beyond the xray Collimators and intercepts the xray fields for an accurate reading
301
What is the relationship between the cathode filament having a thin wire design and effective thermionic emission?
Thin wire increases resistance to the flow of current which increases the heat produced and makes thermionic emission more effective
302
Primary functions of anode
Covert electron energy into X-rays
Dissipate heat created in the process
Act as electrical conductor
303
Function of photocathode in fluoro tube design
Releases electrons in direct proportion to visible light from input phosphor that is incident on the surface
304
Optimal features of flat panel detectors
Inherent electronic noise must be low and the required dynamic field range high
305
What happens when water is irradiated which can lead to molecular damage?
Water dissociates into 2 ion pairs HOH- and HOH+ which dissociate further to produce free radicals of hydrogen and hydroxyl
306
Osteocytes
Derived from osteoblasts, lies within fully formed bone
307
External respiration
Gas exchange within the lungs
308
Oxytocin
Promoted Breast milk production
309
Non ossifying fibroma
Benign and non aggressive that consists of fibrous tissue - usually lower femur, or tibia but may also be in humerus or fibula
310
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
Rare disease that occurs in people with advanced kidney failure
311
Suspected allergic reaction to contrast
1:1000, 0.5ml (0.5mg) intramuscularly
312
Probability distribution
Function which represents the probabilities of all possible values in an experiment
313
Poisson probability distribution
Has a variance which is not uniform in different directions
314
Photon flux graph
Measurement of total number of photons coming out of a light source per second
315
Suspension level for light beam allognmeng
3cm (1cm remedial)
316
Does QA come under Irmer or irr?
IRR
317
For AEC test which parameters are recorded?
MAs and detector dose
318
Which vessel supplies myocardial tissue?
Coronary arteries
319
Hormones related with menstrual cycle
Luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone
320
Which mechanism helps regulate the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
321
Normal acidity of blood
7.35-7.45
322
When there is an increase in BP the hypothalamus releases…
Angiotensin II
323
What nerves are responsible for taste?
Cranial nerve and facial nerve
324
Mesothelioma
Cancer of mesothelial tissue associated with exposure to asbestos
325
Non communicating hydrocephalus
Also called obstructive hydrocephalus is when CSF is blocked along one or more passages connecting the ventricles
326
Intraarricular
Fracture that crosses into a joint
327
Green stick fracture
One side effected only
328
Air keema a measure of?
Amount of energy that a photon has when it hits something (radiation intensity is represented by this value)
329
Atomic number of iodine
53
330
Viscosity
Measure of a fluids resistance to flow
331
MRI linac
Uses MRI and radiotherapy to allow real time imaging with soft tissue definition
332
False positive
Image test is positive but patient doesn’t have the condition/disease
333
True negative
Imaging test is negative and the patient does not have the disease/conditon
334
False negative
Imaging test is negative and patient DOES HAVE the disease/condition
335
Volume rendering
Computer graphics technique which creates a 3D representation of data. Uses volumetric data represented as a 3D grid of values known as voxels (CT)
336
Chelates
Type of bonding of ions and molecules to metal ions
337
How often are AEC guard timings checked?
Annually
338
What type of current is mains electric?
AC
339
What type of transformer is used in xray tube?
Step-up transformer
340
What is brightness measured in?
Lux (lumen cm-2)
341
What is angular frequency measuring?
How fast something is turning
342
What does log a (a) always equal?
1
343
What is log x 1 always equal to?
0
344
Accepted level of missed tissue at chest wall in mammo QA?
5mm
345
What is digital image processing?
Improving pictorial info for humans
346
What is subjective processing?
Enhancing to make more diagnostic
347
What is objective processing?
Removing noise from image
348
What are US crystals made from?
Quartz or PZT
349
What is the diagnostic energy range?
10 4-10 5.5 kEV
350
What does window width adjust?
Range of greyscales
351
What does the window level adjust?
Alters brightness
352
What is DAP measured in?
cGcm2
353
What SID is used in mammo?
65cm
354
What SID is used in mammo?
65cm
355
What is the slice width in CT?
Area being irritated
356
What WW and WL is used for lung fields?
1500/-600
357
What proportion of Rayleigh scatter happens?
<5%
358
What does a photocathode release?
Electrons
359
What does a proton density scan represent?
Differing hydrogen activity
360
How is fat signal destroyed?
STIR sequence
361
What is the slice interval in CT?
Distance between each slice
362
What gases are used in CT detector array?
Krypton/xenon
363
What does 1 US pulse represent?
1 scan line on the image
364
How would a fluid sequence be destroyed
FLAIR sequence
365
Spatial resolution
Ability to assess fine detail
366
How much is the incident electron amplified by in a photomultiplier tube?
By factor 4 to power of 10
367
Difference between monomer and dimer contrast?
Number of benzene rings
368
Which contrast agents have higher osmolarity?
Ionic
369
Which contrast agents have higher osmolarity?
Ionic
370
What is CT table made of?
Carbon graphite fibre
371
What do US contrast agents contain?
CO2
372
What are the 2 MRI scan families ?
Spin echo and gradient echo
373
2 key molecules in bone homeostasis
Vitamin D and calcium
374
What do you lack in osteogenesis imperfecta?
Lack of type I collagen connective tissue
375
what is scotopic vision?
Twilight, black
And white
376
what is scotopic vision?
Twilight, black
And huge
377
Where are the cones in the eye found?
At the fives (central? Part of retina
378
Where is the sinoatrial
Node located?
Right atrium near SVC opening
379
What is the descending loop of Henley impermeable to?
Sodium ions
380
What is photopic vision?
Daylight, red/blue/green
381
What happens to TIA after 24 hours
Completely resolves
382
Where are rods found in the eye?
Across retina but not fovea
383
Where does internal respiration happen?
Between capillaries and cells
384
Which organ is peritoneal and intraperitoneal?
Pancreas
385
Where is visual acuity greatest?
At the fovea (center)
386
What is an anaphylactoid reaction?
1st exposure to allergen
387
Rayleigh scatter
Involved with less than 5% of patient interactions (when over 70kev used)
12% at 30 Kev
388
RPA must hold certificate from…
HSE
389
Equivalent dose based on…
Type of radiation
390
Which type of interactions would be from 50-60kvp?
Photoelectric
391
What is quantum bottle influenced by?
mAs
392
Binary numbers
0 = 0000
1= 0001
2=0010
3=0011
4=0100
5=0101
6=0110
7=0111
8=1000
9=1001
393
Anode angle to maximize actual
Focal spot size
While keeping apparent focal
Spot As small as possible
394
Inherent filtration
Permanent in xray tube assembly, filter material in tube
395
Flat panel
Fluoro challenge in design?
Ensuring inherent electrical noise of detectors is low with high range to enable lower dose per frame aquisition
396
16 bit of 1024x2048
Pixels
=4.2MB
397
How to remove salt and pepper noise?
Median filter
398
Fourier analysis appropriate method to remove…
Periodic noise
399
Digital image processing
Restoration of a digital image is objective process to return image to its orginal form
400
Analogue to digital converter
Determines the number of greyscales
401
Radiolucent is..
Does
Not block radiation, used for xray beds etc carbon fibre
402
Radiolucent is…
Blocks X-rays/cannot pass through
403
I
404
Longest wavelength
Radio waves
405
Equivalent dose is
Dose given based on particle type of radiation (quality factor)
406
Fourier transform
Mathematical term that changes domain (x-axis) of a signal from time to frequency
407
Plexus
Nerves, lymph and blood vessels
408
Which hormone releases calcium from bone?
Parathyroid
409
Bone fracture/healing time/callis formation
11-28 days
410
Mediator response to noxious stimulus an triggers pain response
Prostaglandin
411
Part of digestion - when releasing hydrochloric acid and pepcin release
Cephalic
412
Hot temperature most likely dysfunctional
Perietal lobe of brain
413
Laterogenic
Disease caused by treatment or medical intervention
414
Condition with symptoms- thunderclap headache, blurred vision, stiff neck
Subarrschnoid hemorrage
415
What part of lungs effected by pneumonia?
Alveoli
416
Symptoms when cerebellum herniates through foramen magnum
Severe headaches, double vision, vomiting, interracial pressure
417
Bronchiectasis
Airways of lungs abnormally widened due to excess of mucus so more susceptible to infection
418
What are white blood cells for?
Defence and immune system
419
Anaphylactic shock can cause…
Low blood pressure (hypotension)
420
Epiphyseal plate grows the
Length of bone
421
Dendrite
Nerve cell Extension that conveys impulses AWAY from cell Body
422
Tuberosity
Large prominence serving for attachment of muscles and ligaments
423
Strongest US reflection
Skin and rib
424
What effects greaycsle in US?
Determined by amplitude of echoes returning to the transducer
425
Multi slice axial CT pitch-
is the distance travelled by the table in one 360 degree gantry rotation divided by beam collimation
426
Why is MRI better at showing acutw stroke?
Diffusion weighted imaging (swing) sequence shows restricted diffusion very early after stroke event
427
Salter Harris classifications
S- slipped (class 1)
A- above growth plate (class 2)
L- lower, below growth plate (class 3)
T- through (above the below growth plate) (class 4)
R- rammed, growth plate rammed together (class 5, most unusual)
428
What is an isotope?
Atom with Same number of protons but different neutrons
429
Difference between visible light photons and xray photons in terms of frequency within EM spectrum
Xray photons - high frequency
Visible light photons - low frequency
430
What is the term characteristic in characteristic radiation refer to?
Characteristics radiation has an energy level equivalent to energy level difference between outer and inner shell involved in transition
431
Unit of measurement dedicated as equal to the dose of one joule of energy absorbed per kg of matter
Gray (Gy)
432
What is Compton scatter inversely proportional to?
KVp
433
In relation to how X-rays interact with tissue -
Attenuation is where intensity or primary beam is reduced as X-rays interact with tissue passing through
Absorption is where some energy is transferred from xray photons to atoms of the tissue
434
Bucky movement advantage
Removes grid lines from image
435
In relation to image formation which is NOT related to receptor but DOES effect image in sharpness?
Penumbra
436
Is exposure is 60kvp and 15 mAS with mA of 10 what would exposure time be?
1.5 seconds
437
Importance of centering points
Xray beam diverges from central point and causes distortion of anatomical structures that are perpendicular to incident beam which will distort structures at edge of the field of view
438
Why anti scatter grids not used for all examinations?
Not needed for small body parts as less scatter, and keeps low dose
439
Difference between quantum detection efficiency and
Effective quantum detection efficiency?
QDE- defined for specific kvp
EQDE- is over the spectrum incident on detector
440
In fluoro what is purpose of foot step attached to the xray table
So pt can be moved from supine to erect during procedure
441
Which piece of equipment assists in reducing amount of scatter reaching image detector?
Bucky assembly
442
Function of photocathode in fluoro tube design?
Releases electrons in direct proportion to the visible light from input phosphor that is incident on its surface
443
Flat panel detector described as high dynamic range, what does this mean?
High dynamic range means detector can detect wider range of brightnesses and/or colour, can capture subtle differences in attention between tissues and structures
444
Name of material in tube that is permanent and Positioned at xray tube window and alters quality of the beam
Inherent filtration
445
3 Functions of autotransformer
1. Provides means for kvp selection
2. Compensates for flucuations between incoming voltage
3. Provides power to other parts of xray circuit
446
Remedial level is
Performance of equipment lies outside of recognised tolerance levels and action must be taken within reasonable timeframe
447
What is used to assess spatial resolution?
Line pairs per millimetre (lp/mm)
448
Which QC test would have results being effected by mechanical damage/wear to an xray tube?
Light beam diaphragm
449
What is the most prominent organic tissue present in bone ?
Type I collagen fibres (approx 90%)
450
Conus medullary is typical located at the level of which vertebra
1st and 2nd lumbar
451
Structure in GI tract which contains lymph tissue described as vestigial?
Appendix
452
Which nerve plexus supplies pelvis and lower limb and located on posterior pelvis wall, anterior to piriformis muscle?
Sacral plexus
453
Which intro abdominal organ is partially retroperitoneal?
Pancreas
454
What part of epiphyseal growth plate is being described here? ‘Situated closest to the epiphysis and anchors the growth plate to the epiphysis
Resting or quiescent zone
455
Which physiological processes does not require calcium for adequate function?
Bone marrow function
456
Function of bursa
Reduces friction by separating adjacent structures such as bone and tendon
457
Function of inorganic and organic component of bone tissue
Inorganic- provides strength
Organic- provides flexibility I.e prevents bone from becoming too brittle
458
GI tract- function of rugae
Enables contraction of stomachs causing food to churn, aiding digestion
459
Layer of uterus which consists of smooth muscle which under goes hypertrophy and hyperplasia during pregnancy in order to deliver fetus at birth?
Myometrium
460
Which two spinal
Nerves supplies the synovial joints of the vertebral column
Posterior rami
461
Effect suffered by offspring of the individual who has been exposed
Genetic effect
462
IRR regulations - what is employees responsibility if they discover they are pregnant?
Notify employer in writing
463
What difference does state of reproduction of a cell have on sensitivity to IR?
Cells that are actively reproducing are more radio sensitive
464
Type of cancel associated with people who mined uranium
Lung cancer
465
Irmer explanation of entitlement
Legal responsibility to act as one or more of the 3 duty holder roles of referrer, practitioner and operator, radiographers can carry out more than one role
466
Spatial resolution of radiographic image
The extent to which fine detail can be visualised on an image
467
Biological effects of IR
IR has profound effect on cells that reproduced rapidly such as the stomach lining, hair follicles, bone marrow and embryos
468
Vishing
Phone equivalency of phishing scam
469
Low pass filtering in the spatial domain
Smoothing- each pixels greyscale is averaged with surrounding pixel values to remove high frequency noise
470
CT- to keep HU same but make image brighter, what would you change?
Keep window width same, make the window level higher
471
US- in order to detect tissue boundaries with pulse US which of the following is correct?
Desirable that the incident beam strikes the tissue surface at right angles
472
Not justified dental radiography
Check the fitting of dental brace
473
Fundamental advantage of helical scanning in CT
Enabled continuous rotation of xray tube and permits faster rotation times and therefore faster scanning
474
Piezoelectric effect
Voltage applied to crystal which expends and contracts
475
Mammo- main purpose of using compression
Equalise breast tho l was to produce radiograph with relatively homogeneous density across the breast
476
US
Travels through a medium by waves of compression and rarefaction
477
Gamma camera- how much does a photonulitpiler tube typically amplify the initial incident electron?
By a factor of 4 to power of 10
478
Purpose of flood test
Ensure all photomultiplier tubes are functioning correctly
479
QC tests performed by radiopharmacist when preparing radiopharamecuticals
Dab and broth tests
480
Purpose of breakthrough test
Ensures no molybdenum 99 are present in technetium 99m
481
Mammo- accepted upper limit of missed tissue at chest wall is regarded as acceptable
5mm
482
Dilation of renal pelvis and calyces above an obstruction called?
Hudronephrosis
483
Disorder of pituitary gland
Diabetes insipidus
484
Not a cause for bursitis
Osteoarthritis
485
Association between Barrett’s oesophagus and likelihood of malignancy
High association
486
Blood test of opinion levels
Suspected myocardial infarction (heart attack)
487
Best description of meningitis
Inflammation of pia matter and arachnoid matter (2 of the meninges layers that cover the brain and spinal cord)
488
Paget’s disease
- most common chronic, metabolic disease of skeleton, affecting twice as many males than females
-causes bone destruction followed by repair in weak, deformed and thickened bone that tends to fracture easy
-typically effects pelvis, femora, skull, tibia, vertebrae, clavicles and ribs
489
Why is non ionic ipdinated contrast media preferred to o up ionic ionised contrast media?
Ionic is associated with 4 times the number of reactions and 5.5 times more likely to cause severe reaction
490
How images created in PET
Coincidence detection, two gamma photos with an energy of 511kev are emitted at 180 degrees to each other that hit the detector at the same time are counted
491
Product license in regard to contrast agents
Defines the accepted range of use of the contrast agent, not all contrast agents are licensed for all ages or for all types of examinations
492
Difference between general gadolinium and mri specific contrast for liver parenchyma
General contrast passes through extra cellular space and excreted via glomerular filtration whereas live specific are taken up liver cells and excreted by bilary pathway
493
US contrast agents
Considered low risk to patient- microbubbles of perfluorocarbon or sulfur hexafluoride that are naturally absorbed by the patients body
494
Developments and trends in medical imaging order of introduction to practice (oldest to newest)-
Plain film- wet film processing
Plain film- daylight processing
Computed radiography (CR)
Direct digital radiography (DR)
495
Meaning of CAD in relation to medical imaging?
Computer aided detection
496
Why is there some movement towards higher field strength in MRI (e.g 3T compared with 1.5T)
Higher field strength there is greater signal to noise ratio which can lead to improved resolution and/or reduced scan times
497
Different considerations between CT linac and MRI linac?
MRI- considerarions relarioninv to safety screening of patients and mri are usually longer so anatomical and physiological movement may be more of an issue
498
Which modality was regarded as distributive?
MRI
499
What does DICOM stand for?
Digital imaging and communications in medicine
500
In relation to digital imaging what is co-registration?
Combining multiple complementary modalities in a single image
501
What has DICOM standard enabled?
Enabled images to be viewed on any manufacturer’s equipment
502
In relation to digital
Imaging processing what is a line sensor?
Line sensor has 1D array of sensors
The sensor moved in a single axis to acquire an image
The sensor size and sample rate determine spatial resolution
503
Why are firewalls relevant to digital imaging?
Digital imaging systems are networked both internally within the hospital to enable sharing of images and also often to peripheral sites
Imaging equipment is also accessible to engineers who can log in remotely
Which means they must be protected against malicious attacks via firewalls
504
Maximum fine for GDPR breach
€20 million
505
What does the term saccades refer to?
Rapid, jerky eye movements executed by the eye as it scans an image
506
Example of a false positive
Mistaking a lung marking for a pulmonary nodule
507
Definition of sensitivity relating to image reporting
Proportion of positives that are correctly identified
508
Best explanation of why it is common for people to visually scan an image with their eyes when reporting?
Visual acuity is greatest at the centre (focal vision), moving the eyes around takes advantage of this
It also enables larger patterns to be recognised
509
In relation to image viewing, what is the relevance of viewing distance and image perception?
Optimal viewing distance can vary depending on the size of the lesion so moving closer to or further away from an image can help objects to be perceived
510
With regards to trauma of a long bone what is a complete fracture of a long bone as a result of rotational force called?
Spiral fracture
511
If patient feels warm all over and unpleasant taste in mouth after iodine injection in CT what action would you follow?
Reassure patient that this is normal and observe them closely
512
Why does RCR recommend patients are observed post contrast?
Not all contrast reactions are acute /or immediate so it is important to look out for signs of an impending adverse reaction- early identification enabled early intervention which may prevent a more serious deterioration
513
Legal framework which the task of administering contrast and other medicines in medical imaging comes under?
Patient group direction (PGD)and/or patient specific directions (PSD)
514
RCR guidance on giving iodine based contrast to parents who are breast feeding?
Small percentage of injected dose enters breast milk and virtually none absorbed across normal gut so
No special precautions or cessation of breastfeeding is required
515
Example that would be appropriate to cite the median value rather than the mean?
Central tendency for the age of onset of menopause
516
What does p-value of 0.05 mean?
Means there is a 1 in 20 likelihood of observed difference between 2 or more sets of data being observed by chance
517
How would you defining a quantity that describes how icy the data points within a group differ from the mean value for the group
Standard deviation
