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Biology: 15 - DNA and RNA > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

How do genes control cell activities?

A

They control cell activities by producing proteins, many of which are enzymes.

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2
Q

What are proteins composed of?

A

amino acids

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3
Q

How many steps are in protein synthesis?

A

14

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4
Q

What is the 1st step of protein synthesis?

A
  1. The DNA double helix unwinds at the site of the gene that is going to produce a protein.
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5
Q

What is the 2nd step of protein synthesis? (2)

A
  1. RNA bases, which are present in the cytoplasm, move across the nuclear membrane.
  2. The RNA bases will match up with the complementary bases on the DNA strand
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6
Q

What is the 3rd step of protein synthesis?

A
  1. The enzyme RNA polymerase causes the sequence of RNA bases to join together to form messenger RNA.
  2. Each mRNA molecule has complementary bases to those on the DNA strand from which it was transcribed.
  3. A sequence of three bases of DNA or RNA is called a triplet or codon. They may have 3 possible outcomes:
    - A start codon indicates the beginning of a gene (not involved in the production of the protein)
    - Most codons in a gene specify particular amino acids
    - A stop codon indicates the end of a gene (but is not involved in the production of the protein)
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7
Q

What is the 4th step of protein synthesis?

A

Every gene has one start codon, many codons specifying amino acids and one stop codon.

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8
Q

Define transcription

A

Transcription is the copying of a sequence of genetic bases from DNA onto messenger RNA (mRNA)

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9
Q

Where do the DNA strands separate?

A

in the nucleus

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10
Q

What is the 5th step of protein synthesis?

A

The mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

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11
Q

What is the 6th step of protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes are made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein.

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12
Q

What are ribosomes made up of?

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein

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13
Q

Define an anticodon

A

An anticodon is a sequence of three bases (a triplet) on tRNA that are complementary to a sequence of three bases on mRNA

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14
Q

A sequence of three bases of DNA or RNA is called a triplet or codon. They may have 3 possible outcomes. Name these outcomes.

A

A sequence of three bases of DNA or RNA is called a triplet or codon. They may have 3 possible outcomes:
- A start codon indicates the beginning of a gene (not involved in the production of the protein)
- Most codons in a gene specify particular amino acids
- A stop codon indicates the end of a gene (but is not involved in the production of the protein)

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15
Q

What is the 7th step of protein synthesis?

A
  1. The mRNA strand forms weak bonds with the rRNA in a ribosome. This will be the site of protein synthesis
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16
Q

What is the site of protein synthesis?

A

the place where the mRNA strand forms weak bonds with the rRNA in a ribosome.

17
Q

What is the 8th step of protein synthesis?

  1. The mRNA strand forms weak bonds with the rRNA in a ribosome. This will be the site of protein synthesis
A

The cytoplasm contains a supply of transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. Each tRNA carries:
- a special triplet or anticodon
- a particular amino acid, which is specific to the anticodon

18
Q

What is the 9th step of protein synthesis?

  1. The cytoplasm contains a supply of transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. Each tRNA carries:
    - a special triplet or anticodon
    - a particular amino acid, which is specific to the anticodon
A

tRNA molecules are attracted to the mRNA that is in the ribosome.
Each anticodon on a tRNA is complementary to a codon on the mRNA. The tRNA molecules enter the ribosome

19
Q

Why do tRNA molecules enter the ribosome?

A

Because the are attracted to the codon on the mRNA as they are complementary to them

20
Q

What is the 10th step of protein synthesis?

  1. tRNA molecules are attracted to the mRNA that is in the ribosome.
    Each anticodon on a tRNA is complementary to a codon on the mRNA. The tRNA molecules enter the ribosome
A
  1. The first tRNA molecule will be attracted to the mRNA just after the start codon.
    In doing this it brings a particular amino acid to the ribosome.
21
Q

What is the 11th step of protein synthesis?

10: The first tRNA molecule will be attracted to the mRNA just after the start codon.
In doing this it brings a particular amino acid to the ribosome.

A
  1. In the ribosome, amino acids are detached from the tRNA molecule and are bonded together to form part of the new protein.
22
Q

What is the 12th step of protein synthesis?

  1. In the ribosome, amino acids are detached from the mRNA molecule and are bonded together to form part of the new protein.
A
  1. tRNA molecules leave the ribosome without any attached amino acids. As they leave they pull the mRNA strand through the ribosome
23
Q

What is the 13th step of protein synthesis?

  1. tRNA molecules leave the ribosome without any attached amino acids. As they leave they pull the mRNA strand through the ribosome
A
  1. tRNA molecules continue to bind with mRNA until a stop codon is reached.
    - The mRNA code sequence is complete
    - The new protein is produced
24
Q

What is the 14th and final step of protein synthesis?

  1. tRNA molecules continue to bind with mRNA until a stop codon is reached.
    - The mRNA code sequence is complete
    - The new protein is produced
A
  1. Once the protein is formed it folds to allow it to have the correct shape.
25
Q

What does tRNA, mRNA and rRNA stand for?

A

tRNA: transfer RNA
mRNA: Messenger RNA
rRNA: ribosomal RNA

26
Q

What is the function of mRNA? (2)

A
  1. Complementary strand to DNA
  2. Carries instruction for the production of a protein from DNA to a ribosome.
27
Q

What is the function of tRNA? (2)

A
  1. Has a complementary anticodon to mRNA codon
  2. Carries an amino acid to the ribosome
28
Q

What is the function of rRNA? (2)

A
  1. Forms part of the structure of a ribosome.
  2. Forms a weak bond with mRNA in the ribosome.

Biology: 15 - DNA and RNA (12 decks)

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