Flashcards in Proteins_Molecules Deck (65):
1
What are the 4 level of architecture of proteins?
- Primary (AA sequence)
- Secondary (Alpha helix & Beta sheet)
- Tertiary (3D structure)
- Quaternary (subunit, if > 1 chain, interactions between different polypeptides)
2
What are quaternary structures?
proteins with 2 or more polypeptide
3
What are the two types of protein structure?
- Fibrous
- Gobular (can be structural)
4
What are secondary structures?
local folding of the primary chain
functional because it sticks out of the main chain
5
What type of structures do most proteins have?
Gobular
6
How are subunits arranged in quartenary structures?
Different subunits are arranged relative to each other
7
What are the properties of secondary structure?
- Local folding of chain
8
What are the three common kinds of secondary structure?
1) Alpha helix
2) Beta strand
3) Loop or coil - no specific conformation therefore no structure
9
What are secondary structure protein cores made of?
Hydrophobic
10
Which part of the secondary structure protein is hydrophilic?
-NH and -C=O (Both polar)
- need to be able to react with aqueous environment
11
How was secondary structure found?
X ray diffraction of wool and hair
12
Who predicted Alpha helix?
Linus Pauling - 1951
Confirmed (1953) by myoglobin structure
13
What type of helix is the alpha helix?
Right handed helix
14
Name the properties of the right handed alpha helix
1) 3.6 residues per turn
2) 5.4 Angstrom per turn
3) Hydrogen bond each -NH to a -C=O 4 residues later
4) Side chains point outwards
5) Very compact
15
What is the alpha helix maintained by?
Hydrogen bonds
16
Where do the AA side chains face?
Face outwards, away form the helix axis
17
What is an amphipathic helix?
One side is hydrophobic, one side is hydrophilic
- Hydrophobic edge contacts the surrounding water, hydrophilic edge faces inward to the center of the molecule
- Periodicity
- Polar or hydrophobic every 3 - 4 residues
18
What is the hydrophobic helix use for?
Transmembrane
19
Give an example of proteins that has all alpha (and loops)
- Insulin = A: 2 helixes; B: 1 helix
- Globin = 7 helices
- Cytochrome C = 4 helices
20
Name the two AA that can't fit in the alpha helix conformation?
- Proline: Too rigid to fit into the alpha helix
- Glycine: Too flexible (can assume too many alternative conformation that is more favourable than alpha helix)
21
What does beta strands look like?
Zig zag backbone
22
Name the two types of alpha helix
1) Amphiphatic helix
2) Hydrophobic helix
23
What do beta strands contain?
H bonds are formed between the peptide bond C-O and N-H groups of polypeptides that lie side by side
24
How are beta sheets formed?
H bond between 2 or more polypeptide strands
25
Name the property to beta strands
- Interacting chains can be parallel or anti parallel
- Interacting chains can belong either to different polypeptides or to different sections of the same polypeptide
26
What occurs in both fibrous and globular proteins?
Alpha helix and Beta pleated sheet
27
What is the structure of immunoglobulin?
- Beta strands and loop
- No alpha
- 2 beta sheets
- 4 strands each
28
What type of core does globular proteins have?
Hydrophobic core
29
What do fibrous proteins contain?
Long threads of alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
30
What do globular proteins fold themelves into?
Compact tertiary structure
31
How are tertiary structures formed?
Formed mainly by hydrophobic interactions between AA side chains
32
What do gobular proteins contain?
Alpha, beta and coil/loop regions
33
Are most gobular protein soluble in water?
Yes
34
What can be used to look at tertiary structure?
- X ray crystallography or NMR
- salt crystal defract X rays (wavelength is different, arrangement of dots able to figure out difference in interference pattern)
35
How was tertiary structure discovered?
Myoglobin in 1953
- Purify protein - needs to be very pure to do this
- Make crystals
- Shine X-rays
- Measure diffraction
- Reconstruct structure
36
What is the function of myoglobin?
Short term storage of oxygen for muscle contraction.
- when oxygen levels get depleted, myoglobin gives up oxygen
37
What does myoglobin contain?
- Single polypeptide with Heme group
- about 7.5% of the AA residues participate in alpha helical structures
38
What is the major stabilising force in myoglobin's tertiary structure?
Filled with tightly packed non polar chains, and hydrophobic interactions are the major stabilising force in its tertiary structure
- NO DISULPHIDE BONDS
- Maintained only by non covalent forces
39
What do haemoglobin do?
Transports oxygen in blood
40
What is the structure of haemoglobin?
Tetramer
- 2 alpha chains + 2 beta chains
- Each with its own heme
- Each like myoglobin
- Each subunit has Hydrophobic core, hydrophilic surface, subunits interact mainly through hydrogen bonds and salt bonds (no disulphide bonds)
41
What is the difference in structure between myoglobin and haemoglobin?
Myoglobin does not have any quaternary structure
Haemoglobin does (arrangement of subunits)
42
Where is haemoglobin found?
In erythrocytes/RBC
43
What is haemoglobin lacking?
- NO nucleus
- Lack mitochondria (don't consume O2 transported)
44
The heme iron in haemoglobin and myoglobin is always in what state?
Ferrous state (even during oxygen binding)
45
Where is myoglobin found?
Occurs only in muscle tissue
46
What is the conformation of deoxyhaemoglobin called?
T conformation
47
What is the conformation of oxyhaemoglobin called?
R conformation
48
Subunit of haemoglobin interactions are weaker in which type of haemoglobin?
weaker in oxyhaemoglobin than in deoxyhaemoglobin
49
Why does the conformation of haemoglobin change with oxygenation?
Because the bond distances between the heme iron and the 5 nitrogen atoms with which it is complexed shorten when oxygen binds. The distorts the shape of the heme group and pulls on the F helix to which proximal histidine belongs. The interactions with other subunits destabilised, and the shape of the whole molecule shifts towards R conformation
50
What is the difference in oxygen affinity between the two conformation of haemoglobin
R conformation has higher affinity and binds more tightly than T conformation
51
What are allosteric protein?
- Proteins that can assume alternate higher order structure
- change in conformation on binding ligand
52
On binding with oxygen what happens to the T conformation?
- "pure" T conformation destabilised and shift towards "pure" R conformation. This repeats itself after binding of the second and third oxygen molecules.
- Changes conformation of the subunits
- oxygen affinity rises steeply on binding
53
What is proximal histidine F8?
eight AA in the F helix, counting from the amino ned
54
What is a ligand?
Any small molecule that binds reversibly to a protein
55
What does the oxygen binding curve describe?
Fractional saturation of the heme groups at varying oxygen partial pressures
56
Myoglobin VS haemoglobin: which binds oxygen far tighter than the other
Myoglobin
- Myoglobin is half saturated with oxygen at 1 torr whereas haemoglobin needs 26 torr
57
What does the difference in oxygen affinity between myoglobin and haemoglobin facilitate?
Facilitates the transfer of oxygen from the blood to the tissue
58
What type of curve in the myoglobin curve?
Hyperbolic (Mb + O2 <=> Mb.O2 )
59
What type of binding curve does haemoglobin have?
Sigmoidal
60
Why is the binding curve of haemoglobin sigmoidal?
Completely deoxygenated haemoglobin is mainly in the T confirmation (low affinity). This accounts for the flat part of the curve before 10 torr. However, with increasing oxygen partial pressure, the first heme becomes oxygenated.
61
What is positive cooperativity?
Oxygen binding to a heme group in hemoglobin increase the oxygen affinities of the remaining heme group.
62
Why monomer vs tetramer?
Myoglobin and haemoglobin have different responses to O2 levels.
63
What are the different globin disease?
- Carbon monoxide poisoning
- Thalassaemia
- Sickle cell anaemia
64
What happens during sickle cell anaemia?
- Beta globin residue 6 (beta subunit has valine at position 6)
- Glutamine -> Valine (beta globin chain stick together)
- Heterozygotes resistant to malaria
65