PSYC Exam (Weeks 19-21) Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
What is DSM?
A
- The first standardized diagnostic classification system for mental illness was published by German psychiatrist Emil Kräpelin in 1883.
- The DSM-5 version combines the first three axes and removes the last two, aiming to streamline diagnosis and work with other diagnostic systems.
- Critics argue that the DSM is based on Western clinical and research findings, primarily the United States, and is a medicalized categorical classification system.
- The number of diagnosable disorders has tripled since its publication, increasing the concern of labeling and stigmatizing mentally ill individuals.
2
Q
What is Etiology?
A
a branch of knowledge concerned with causes. specifically : a branch of medical science concerned with the causes and origins of diseases.
3
Q
What is Humorism (or humoralism)?
A
Ancient Greek and Roman physicians believed that bodily fluid imbalances, including blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm, directly impacted their health and temperament until the 19th century.
4
Q
What is Hysteria
A
Ancient Greeks and Egyptians used the term “conversion disorder” to describe a disorder caused by a woman’s uterus wandering and interfering with other organs.
5
Q
What is Maladaptive?
A
Disfunction refers to behaviors that cause physical or emotional harm, hinder daily life, and indicate a loss of touch with reality or inability to control thoughts and behavior.
6
Q
What is Mesmerism?
A
Franz Anton Mesmer’s 18th-century hypnotism proposed treating hysterical symptoms with animal magnetism, later explained by high suggestibility in individuals.
7
Q
What is “Traitement moral” (moral treatment?
A
Philippe Pinel’s therapeutic regimen during the French Revolution, focusing on improved nutrition, living conditions, and rewards for productive behavior, was characterized by compassion and dignity.
8
Q
What is the Biopsychosocial model?
A
A model in which the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors is seen as influencing the development of the individual.
9
Q
What is the Cathartic method?
A
Breuer’s therapeutic procedure, developed by Freud in the late 19th century, involves patients recalling and reliving traumatic events for insight and emotional relief.
10
Q
What is Somatogenesis?
A
Developing from physical/bodily origins.
11
Q
What is Psychogenesis?
A
Developing from psychological origins.
12
Q
What is Trephination?
A
The drilling of a hole in the skull, presumably as a way of treating psychological disorders.
13
Q
What is Animism?
A
The belief in a soul for all entities and the connection between mental illness and animistic causes, such as evil spirits, is widely accepted.
14
Q
What is Anxiety?
A
A mood state characterized by negative affect, muscle tension, and physical arousal in which a person apprehensively anticipates future danger or misfortune.
15
Q
What is Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
A
Excessive worry about everyday things that is at a level that is out of proportion to the specific causes of worry.
16
Q
What is Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
A
Anxiety disorder involves excessive or compulsive behaviors like cleaning, repeatedly opening and closing doors, hoarding, and obsessing over thoughts to reduce anxiety.
17
Q
What is a Panic disorder (PD)?
A
A condition marked by regular strong panic attacks, and which may include significant levels of worry about future attacks.
18
Q
What is Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
A
A sense of intense fear, triggered by memories of a past traumatic event, that another traumatic event might occur. PTSD may include feelings of isolation and emotional numbing.
19
Q
What is Social anxiety disorder (SAD)?
A
A condition marked by acute fear of social situations which lead to worry and diminished day to day functioning.
20
Q
What is Thought-action fusion?
A
The tendency to overestimate the relationship between a thought and an action, such that one mistakenly believes a “bad” thought is the equivalent of a “bad” action.
21
Q
What is SAD performance only?
A
Social anxiety disorder which is limited to certain situations that the sufferer perceives as requiring some type of performance.
22
Q
What is Conditioned response?
A
Classical conditioning involves pairing an automatic response with a neutral stimulus, allowing the neutral stimulus to elicit the same response independently.
22
Q
What is Reinforced response?
A
Following the process of operant conditioning, the strengthening of a response following either the delivery of a desired consequence (positive reinforcement) or escape from an aversive consequence.
23
Q
What is Fight or flight response?
A
A biological reaction to alarming stressors that prepares the body to resist or escape a threat.
24
What is External cues?
Stimuli in the outside world that serve as triggers for anxiety or as reminders of past traumatic events.
25
What is Biological vulnerability?
A specific genetic and neurobiological factor that might predispose someone to develop anxiety disorders.
26
What is SSRIs/SNRIs?
E.g., Citalopram, Sertraline, Venlafaxine,
* Increase synaptic availability of serotonin and/or
norepinephrine & dopamine (depending on
type/dosage)
* A range of side-effects
* Better for psychological than physical symptoms
27
What is Agoraphobia?
A sort of anxiety disorder distinguished by feelings that a place is uncomfortable or may be unsafe because it is significantly open or crowded.
28
What is Specific Phobia
Irrational fear of specific object/situation
* Target poses no real danger/out of proportion to danger
4 major subtypes
1. Animal: snakes, spiders, dogs
* Most common
2. BII: Blood-injury-injection
* E.g. dentist, injections, blood draw
3. Situational: planes, elevators, enclosed spaces
4. Natural environment: heights, storms, water
+ “Other”: everything else’
e.g. Vomiting, choking, dolls
29
What is Benzodiazepines?
E.g. clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam
* Act on neurotransmitter GABA, produce feelings of
calmness and may help sleep
* More effective for physiological than psychological
symptoms
* Fast acting, few side effects if used in the short-term
* Long-term side effects
* Impaired memory & cognition, increased anxiety & depression,
increased risk of dementia, hip fractures
* High potential for abuse & addiction
30
What is Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)?
Identify & challenge problematic thoughts, beliefs,
behaviours
* Practice applying new approaches to arousing
situations
* Reduce avoidance/escape, which is self-reinforcing
* Exposure exercises
* Longer-lasting results than meds, but meds can
enhance efficacy of CBT
31
What is Mood Episodes?
Everyone experiences brief periods of sadness, irritability, or euphoria. This is different than having a mood disorder, such as MDD or BD, which are characterized by a constellation of symptoms that causes people significant distress or impairs their everyday functioning.
32
What is Major Depressive Episode?
A major depressive episode (MDE) is a severe distress or impairment characterized by persistent symptoms lasting at least two weeks, affecting work, school, or relationships.
33
What are the two required symptoms are need to be an MDE.
what are the rest of them?
How may are needed to be classified as MDE?
Required
1. depressed mood
2. diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities
Others
3. significant weight loss or gain or an increase or decrease in appetite
4. insomnia or hypersomnia
5. psychomotor agitation or retardation
6. fatigue or loss of energy
7. feeling worthless or excessive or inappropriate guilt
8. diminished ability to concentrate or indecisiveness
9. recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, or a suicide attempt
required to have 5 or more most of the day; everyday
34
What are the other symptoms for Unipolar Mood Disorders?
1. poor appetite or overeating
2. insomnia or hypersomnia
3. low energy or fatigue
4. low self-esteem
5. poor concentration or difficulty making decisions
6. feelings of hopelessness
35
What is Manic or Hypomanic Episode?
Manic or hypomanic episodes are defined by a persistent, euphoric mood and increased goal-directed activity, lasting one week or longer in mania and four days or longer in hypomania.
36
What are the Symptoms for Manic episodes
and how many are needed?
1. inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
2. increased goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
3. reduced need for sleep
4. racing thoughts or flight of ideas
5. distractibility
6. increased talkativeness
7. excessive involvement in risky behaviors
Need around 3-4 Symptoms
37
What is Unipolar Mood Disorders?
1. major depressive disorder
2. persistent depressive disorder
PDD criteria include frequent, prolonged depression for at least two years, and at least two symptoms of depression.
38
What is Bipolar Mood Disorders and how many are there?
* Bipolar I Disorder (BD I), also known as manic-depression, is characterized by a single or recurrent manic episode.
* Bipolar II Disorder involves single or recurrent hypomanic and depressive episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder is characterized by numerous and alternating periods of hypomania and depression lasting at least two years.
* To qualify, symptoms must cause significant distress or impairment, not meet full diagnostic criteria for an MDE.
38
What are some Antidepressant Medications for Depressive Disorders?
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs): Early antidepressants targeting neurotransmitters involved in depression.
* Tricyclics: Block the reabsorption of norepinephrine, serotonin, or dopamine at synapses.
* Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs): Most commonly prescribed antidepressants.
* SSRIs and SNRIs: Less cardiotoxic, less lethal in overdose, produce fewer cognitive impairments.
38
What are some Biological Treatments for Depressive Disorders?
* Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and deep brain stimulation: ECT is viable for severe depression or resistance to antidepressants.
* Repetitive TMS: Noninvasive technique administered while a patient is awake.
* Deep brain stimulation: Implanting an electrode in the brain connected to an implanted neurostimulator.
39
What are some Psychosocial Treatments
for Depressive Disorders?
* Behavior therapy: Focuses on increasing the frequency and quality of pleasant experiences.
* Cognitive therapies: Helps patients identify and change distorted automatic thoughts and assumptions.
* Interpersonal Therapy for Depression: Improves interpersonal relationships by targeting problem areas.
* Short-Term Psychodynamic Therapy for Depression: Focuses on a limited number of important issues.
39
What are some Medications for Bipolar Disorders?
Lithium
* Reduces dopamine (excitatory) and increases GABA
(inhibitory)
* Effective, BUT many cognitive & physical side effects
increase risk of noncompliance
Anticonvulsants
* Alone or with lithium
* Functionally mood stabilizers aimed at reducing mania
40
What type of therapy is use for Bipolar Disorders?
Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)
* Psychosocial approach
* Focus on stabilizing circadian rhythm
* Disruptions common in ppl w/BPD
* Emphasizes importance of daily routine
* Based on the concept of “zeitgebers” (time givers)
* Cues in the environment that synchronize circadian
rhythm
* E.g. sunlight, eating, sleeping, social relationships
41
What is Psychomotor retardation?
A slowing of physical activities in which routine activities (e.g., eating, brushing teeth) are performed in an unusually slow manner.
42
What is Psychomotor agitation?
Increased motor activity associated with restlessness, including physical actions (e.g., fidgeting, pacing, feet tapping, handwringing).
43
What is Socioeconomic status (SES)?
A person’s economic and social position based on income, education, and occupation.
43
What is Social zeitgeber?
Zeitgeber, a German term meaning "time giver," refers to environmental cues like meal times and interactions that regulate biological rhythms and sleep-wake cycle regularity.
44
What is Attributional style?
a cognitive personality variable that reflects the specific way people explain the causes of positive or negative events in their livesThe tendency by which a person infers the cause or meaning of behaviors or events.
45
What is Chronic stress?
Discrete or related problematic events and conditions which persist over time and result in prolonged activation of the biological and/or psychological stress response (e.g., unemployment, ongoing health difficulties, marital discord).
46
What is Grandiosity?
Inflated self-esteem or an exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-worth (e.g., believing one has special powers or superior abilities).
47
What is Hypersomnia
Excessive daytime sleepiness, including difficulty staying awake or napping, or prolonged sleep episodes.
48
What is Early adversity?
Childhood stress, involving biological or psychological factors like poverty, abuse, illness, or injury, can lead to a physiological or psychological stress response.
49
What is Anhedonia?
Loss of interest or pleasure in activities one previously found enjoyable or rewarding.
50
What is Diagnostic criteria?
Diagnostic criteria for psychiatric disorders are outlined in the DSM-5 and ICD-9, which are widely used in determining an individual's condition.
51
What is Disorganized behavior?
Odd behavior or dress, unusual makeup, or rituals are common in most subcultures, indicating a deviation from the norm.
52
What is Magnetic resonance imaging?
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a method using strong magnets to study brain structure and function during cognitive tasks like working memory or episodic memory.
53
What is Alogia?
A reduction in the amount of speech and/or increased pausing before the initiation of speech.
54
What is Anhedonia/amotivation?
A reduction in the drive or ability to take the steps or engage in actions necessary to obtain the potentially positive outcome.
55
What is Catatonia?
abnormality of movement and behavior arising from a disturbed mental state (typically schizophrenia).
56
What are some risk factors of devloping Schizophrenia?
* Schizophrenia is heterogeneous, resulting in different symptoms in different individuals.
* Some genes associated with schizophrenia may also be associated with other mental health conditions like bipolar disorder, depression, and autism.
* Pregnancy problems like stress, infection, malnutrition, and/or diabetes increase risk of schizophrenia.
* Birth complications causing hypoxia at birth increase risk.
* Counterarguments include evidence that individuals with high-risk symptoms develop psychosis at a higher rate than those with other psychiatric symptoms.
* Non-invasive treatments like omega-3 fatty acids and intensive family intervention may help reduce the development of full-blown psychosis in people with high-risk symptoms.
57
What are some treatment for Schizophrenia?
* Current treatments for schizophrenia include antipsychotic medications, referred to as "typical" and "atypical."
* "Typical" antipsychotics block the D2 type dopamine receptor, reducing hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech.
* Atypical antipsychotics influence D2 receptors, reducing motor side effects but not necessarily more helpful.
* Cognitive Enhancement Therapy (CET) has been shown to improve cognition, functional outcome, social cognition, and protect against gray matter loss in young individuals with schizophrenia.
* The development of new treatments like CET provides hope for improving the lives of individuals with schizophrenia and potentially preventing it.
58
What is What is OCEAN/ Big Five?
A comprehensive taxonomy of personality trait domains, derived from adulthood trait ratings, includes various categories.
59
What is “O” in Ocean?
What is the opposite?
openness to experience
vs.
(closeness) conventionality
60
What is “C” in Ocean?
What is the opposite?
conscientiousness
vs.
Disinhibition
61
What is “E” in Ocean?
What is the opposite?
extraversion
vs.
introversion
62
What is “A” in Ocean?
What is the opposite?
agreeable
vs.
Antagonism
63
What is “N” in Ocean?
What is the opposite?
neuroticism
vs.
emotional stability
63
What are the 10 personality disorders in the DSM-5?
1. antisocial
2. avoidant
3. borderline
4. dependent
5. histrionic
6. narcissistic
7. obsessive-compulsive
8. paranoid
9. schizoid
10. schizotypal
64
What is includes the “wastebasket” diagnosis of DSM-5?
other specified personality disorder (OSPD)
unspecified personality disorder (UPD).
65
What is Avoidant personality disorder?
a pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.
66
What is Dependent personality disorder?
submissiveness, clinging behavior, and fears of separation.
67
What is Antisocial personality disorder?
combination of traits from antagonism and low conscientiousness.
- includes traits from low neuroticism and extraversion.
68
What is Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
is a disorder of maladaptive conscientiousness.
69
What is Schizoid?
confined to traits of introversion
70
What is Borderline personality disorder?
a disorder of neuroticism
- includes traits from antagonism and low conscientiousness.
71
What is Histrionic personality disorder?
a disorder of maladaptive extraversion
- includes traits from antagonism and low conscientiousness.
72
What are DSM-5 personality disorders ?
"syndromes" of maladaptive personality traits.
they do not fit in with just one of the 10 personality traits
73
What is Narcissistic personality disorder?
includes traits from neuroticism, antagonism, and conscientiousness
-
74
What is Schizotypal?
includes traits from neuroticism, introversion, unconventionality, and antagonism.
75
What personality might be exclude from the DSM-5?
histrionic, schizoid, paranoid, and dependen
76
What are some treatment for Personality Disorder?
* Personality disorders are among the most difficult to treat due to their well-established behaviors.
* There is empirical support for clinically and socially meaningful changes in response to psychosocial and pharmacologic treatments.
* Even moderate adjustments in personality functioning can represent significant and meaningful change.
77
What are treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder?
* Dialectical behavior therapy: Cognitive-behavior therapy based on Zen Buddhism, dialectical philosophy, and behavioral science.
* Components: individual therapy, group skills training, telephone coaching, and therapist consultation team.
* Treatment typically lasts a year.
* Costs are relatively high, but benefits outweigh costs.
78
What is a Psychopathy?
Categorization used in criminal justice & forensic
settings
* Describes a Personality Disorder
* Antisocial behaviour, lack empathy, remorseless, deceitful,
selfish, manipulative, violent
* Perceived as “severe” presentation of Antisocial
Personality Disorder by some, but not all
What it is not...
* A clinical diagnosis: not in the DSM OR ICD-10
* Not in DSM since 1980, replaced with ASPD
79
What is the Triarchic Model?
Psychopathy as comprised of
1. Disinhibition
* Difficulty regulating emotion & weak behavioural
constraint
* e.g., “I jump into things without thinking”
2. Boldness
* Dominance, emotional resiliency, adventurous/risk taking
* e.g., “I am a born leader”
3. Meanness
* Cruel, predatory, destructive
* e.g., “I don’t mind if someone I dislike gets hurt”
80
What was Hervey Cleckley described psychopathy?
-wolf in sheep's clothing
described psychopathy as a deep-rooted emotional pathology concealed by an outward appearance of good mental health.
* Cleckley provided 16 diagnostic criteria for psychopathic individuals, including indicators of psychological stability, behavioral deviancy, and impaired affect and social connectedness.
* Cleckley's conception served as a reference for the diagnosis of psychopathy in the first two editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
81
What is PCL-R?
Psychopathy Diagnosis Instruments
widely used tool for diagnosing psychopathy in correctional and forensic settings.
* It comprises 20 items rated based on interview and file-record information.
* The items capture interpersonal-affective deficits and behavioral deviance features identified by Cleckley.
* The manual recommends a cutoff score of 30 out of 40 for diagnosing psychopathy.
- High PCL-R scores correlate with impulsive tendencies, low empathy, Machiavellianism, lack of social connectedness, and persistent violent offending.
82
How to Measure a Psychopathy Assessment?
-self report
Newer instruments like the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI) provide balanced coverage of both.
* PPI-R contains 154 items, organized into eight facet scales.
* * Subscales of PPI-R cohere around two factors: fearless dominance (FD) and self-centered impulsivity (SCI).
* * * PPI-FD is associated with positive psychological adjustment and measures of narcissism and thrill/adventure seeking.
* * * PPI-SCI is associated with multiple indicators of deviancy, including impulsivity, aggressiveness, antisocial behavior, substance abuse problems, heightened distress, and suicidal ideation.
82
What is Assessing Psychopathic Tendencies in Youth?
*Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD) used with clinic-referred children aged 6-13.
* APSD includes 20 items completed by parents or teachers.
* Factors include Callous-Unemotional (CU) traits and Impulsive/Conduct Problems (I/CP) factors.
* Children high on I/CP factor show below-average intelligence, heightened emotional responsiveness to stressors, and angry aggression.
* Children high on both APSD factors show average or above-average intelligence, low reported anxiety and nervousness, reduced reactivity to stressful events, preference for novelty and risk activities, less learning from punishment, high levels of premeditated and reactive aggression, and more persistent violent behavior.
83
What makes up the triarchic model
* The Triarchic model separates the disorder into subcomponents or facets, which relate differently to measures of trait anxiety. Boldness is correlated negatively with anxiousness, while Disinhibition and Meannness are correlated negatively and negligibly with anxiety.
* The Triarchic model suggests that low anxiousness is central to one variant of criminal psychopathy (the bold-disinhibited, or “primary” type) but not to another variant (the “disinhibited-mean,” “aggressive-externalizing,” or “secondary” type).
84
What are Psychodynamic Therapy Techniques?
* Free association: Psychoanalysts and therapists use free association to explore patients' unconscious mind. This involves sharing all thoughts without censorship, allowing the analyst to discern patterns or meanings.
* Childhood recollections: These exercises can provide insights into a patient's psychological makeup by examining childhood relationships with caregivers.
* Dream analysis: Therapists help discover the latent content underlying manifest content through dream analysis.
* Therapist role: Therapists interpret patient's thoughts and behavior based on clinical experience and psychoanalytic theory.
* Transference: Therapists may recognize unjustified anger as an act of transference, while also being aware of their own thoughts and emotions.
* Tactics: Therapists use tactics like seating patients to face away to promote freer self-disclosure.
* Relationship with the patient: Therapists view their relationship with the patient as another reflection of the patient's mind.
85
What is psychoanalytic therapy?
Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic approach focusing on resolving unconscious conflicts.
86
What is psychodynamic therapy?
Treatment applying psychoanalytic principles in a briefer, more individualized format.
87
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Psychoanalytic Therapy?
* Psychoanalysis was once the only form of psychotherapy, but its popularity is decreasing globally.
* It's not suitable for patients with severe psychopathology or intellectual disability.
* Psychoanalysis is expensive due to its long-term nature.
* Limited empirical support suggests it doesn't reliably improve mental health outcomes.
* Some reviews suggest long-term psychodynamic therapies might be beneficial, but validity is questioned.
* Despite its limitations, psychoanalytic theory was the first formal treatment of mental illness, setting the stage for modern approaches
88
What is person-centered therapy?
A therapeutic approach focused on creating a supportive environment for self-discovery.
* Therapists aim to provide a therapeutic relationship for personal growth, not directly altering patients' thoughts or behaviors.
* Therapists ask questions without judgment or interpretation, creating a safe, encouraging environment for self-exploration.
* The therapist's unconditional positive regard for the patient's feelings and behaviors is crucial.
* This creates an environment free of approval or disapproval, promoting patients' appreciation of their value and congruence with their identity.
89
What are Advantages and Disadvantages of Person-Centered Therapy?
Advantages and Disadvantages
* PCT is highly acceptable to patients due to its supportive, flexible environment.
* Its themes, such as nonjudgmental empathy, are well-translated to other therapeutic approaches.
* However, its effectiveness is mixed due to its focus on unspecific treatment factors.
* PCT uses the same practices for everyone, potentially not fitting everyone.
* Further research is needed to evaluate its utility as a therapeutic approach.
90
What is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?
A family of approaches with the goal of changing the thoughts and behaviors that influence psychopathology.
* It is a brief intervention of 12 to 16 weekly sessions, tailored to the nature of the psychopathology and treatment of the specific mental disorder.
* The therapist and patient work together to develop healthy behavioral habits to break the cycle of maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.
* CBT incorporates exposure therapy, where a patient confronts a problematic situation and fully engages in the experience instead of avoiding it.
* The goal is to reduce the fear associated with the situation through extinction learning, a neurobiological and cognitive process by which the patient “unlearns” the irrational fear.
91
What is Advantages and Disadvantages of CBT?
* Short, cost-effective, and intuitive.
* Can be adapted to suit various population needs.
* Involves significant patient effort due to active participation.
* Therapists assign "homework" to maintain cognitive and behavioral habits.
* Empirical support for CBT's effectiveness, making it a first-line treatment for many mental disorders.
92
What is Mental-Based Therapy (MBT) Types?
* MBSR uses meditation, yoga, and physical experiences to reduce stress.
* MBCT focuses on one's thoughts and emotions, preventing relapses in depression.
* MBCT treatments have been used to address a wide range of illnesses, including depression, anxiety, chronic pain, coronary artery disease, and fibromyalgia.
93
What is Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)?
* DBT focuses on skills training, employing mindfulness and cognitive behavioral therapy practices.
* It teaches patients "skills" to correct maladaptive tendencies, such as distress tolerance.
* DBT employs techniques that address the symptoms of the problem, not the problem itself.
* DBT is founded on a dialectical worldview, focusing on accepting that some things can have both "good" and "bad" characteristics.
94
What is Acknowledgement and Commitment Therapy (ACT)?
* ACT encourages patients to observe their thoughts from a detached perspective.
* ACT encourages patients to recognize which thoughts and emotions are beneficial and harmful.
* The differences among ACT, CBT, and other mindfulness-based treatments are a topic of controversy
95
Advantages and Disadvantages of Mindfulness-Based Therapy
Mindfulness-Based Therapies: Acceptability and Accessibility
* Popular culture's interest in yoga and meditation in mental healthcare.
* Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Therapy (MBT) varies among psychologists.
* Evidence supports MBT's effectiveness in treating mood and anxiety disorders.
* Studies show moderate symptom improvement in anxiety and depression.
