Psychopathology 2

Question 1

All antidepressants act on what systems?

Answer 1

Monoamine systems

Question 2

What 3 neurotransmitter activities are imbalanced in psychopathologic disorders?

Answer 2

DA
NE
5HT

Question 3

What drug is not used very often because of hallucinations in adult patients but is used as an anesthetic and can help with depression as an NMDA antagonist?

Answer 3

Ketamine

*Similar to PCP

Question 4

What group of disorders is a natural response that increases adrenaline and cortisol in a fight or flight response?

Answer 4

Anxiety Disorders

Question 5

What are the two types of anxiety disorders?

Answer 5

1-Chronic, mild anxiety (treat through support and relaxation)
2-Chronic, Moderately severe (treat with pharmacology, relaxation and psychotherapy)

Question 6

What type of sedative is an agonist on BDZ receptors and act as allosteric modulators of GABA A receptors?

Answer 6

Benzodiazepines

*causes Cl- influx into the cell

Question 7

Benzodiazepines are the most popular CNS depressants with little effect on respiration and are used for what 5 things?

Answer 7

1-Anxiolytic (sedative)
2-Treat seizures (GABA)
3-Insomnia (Hypnotic-short acting)
4-Muscle Relaxation
5-Used a few hours before surgical dental procedures

Question 8

What are 4 side effects or benzodiazepines?

Answer 8

1-Tolerance and addiction with physical dependence (treat less than 3 months)
2-Synergy with other depressants
3-Drowsiness and motor impairment with decrease cognition
4-Contraindicated in elderly and intellectually disabled

Question 9

What are two examples of sedative drugs?

Answer 9

1-Diazepam (Valium) longer acting 20-50 half life

2-Alprazolam (Xanax) 6-12 hour half life

Question 10

What are two examples of hypnotic drugs?

Answer 10

1-Lorazepam (Ativan)
2-Triazolam (Halcion)

*Short half lifes

Question 11

What drug is Benzodiazepine like but causes less drowsiness and lacks the dependence/addiction danger?

Answer 11

Zolpidem (Ambien)

Question 12

What group of drugs enhance GABA, are used for short term anesthesia, longer-term for seizures and cause major depression of respiration?

Answer 12

Barbiturates

*Pentobarbital and phenobarbital are examples

Question 13

What are 4 side effects of Barbiturates?

Answer 13

1-Major respiratory depression
2-Severe addiction, dependence and withdrawal
3-Narrow margin of safety
4-Major liver interaction

Question 14

What drug is not a true barbiturate but is quick acting and has a quick recovery?

Answer 14

Propofol

*Michael Jackson overdosed on this

Question 15

Which drug is used for short term management of anxiety or tension due to every day stresses in patients that typically have co-existing depression?

Answer 15

Buspirone (BuSpar)

Question 16

What are 4 side effects of Buspirone (BuSpar)?

Answer 16

1-Not addicting
2-Rare movement problems and seizures
3-Irregular heart beat
4-Interact with MAO inhibitors

Question 17

What disorder is characterized by being an unpredictable, fast onset, self limiting autonomic episode?

Answer 17

Severe Acute Anxiety Panic attack

Question 18

What are two drug types used for anxiety-panic attacks?

Answer 18

1-SSRI (Paxil)

2-Antidepressants with mixed effects (Venlafaxin)

Question 19

Which disorder is triggered by illogical/irrational fear?

Answer 19

Phobic disorders

Question 20

What are the three categories of Phobic disorders?

Answer 20

1-Agoraphobia (Spaces)
2-Social phobias (Interactions)
3-Specific (common types)

Question 21

What is used to help treat phobic disorders?

Answer 21

SSRIs (Zoloft)

Question 22

What disorder typically affects children and causes short-attention span and learning problems?

Answer 22

ADHD/ADD

Question 23

What are the two main types of ADHD/ADD?

Answer 23

1-Predominantly Hyperactive-impulsive (acts out, has trouble with other children)
2-Predominantly Inattentive (less likely to act out)

Question 24

What are two stimulant drug options for ADHD/ADD?

Answer 24

1-Amphetamines (Adderall)

2-Methylphenidate (Ritalin)- more popular

Question 25

What non-stimulant option for ADHD/ADD is well tolerated, but may cause minor headache, upset stomach and alter sleep?

Answer 25

Modafinil *may act as a DAT and/or NET blocker

Question 26

What condition is usually diagnosed at 2-3 years of age and is characterized by problems with social interaction, communication and repetitive behavior?

Answer 26

Autism Spectrum disorder, or the milder form, Asperger's disorder

Question 27

What two components like make up the cause of Autism?

Answer 27

1-Genetic | 2-Enviornment

Question 28

What are three possibilities for causes of autism?

Answer 28

1-Children are born with a susceptibility, no single trigger 2-A cluster of unstable genes interfere with brain development 3-Problems during pregnancy or delivery (infections, toxins etc)

Question 29

What are 3 medical conditions that autisms seems to be associated with?

Answer 29

1-Fragile X syndrome 2-Congenital Rubella syndrome 3-Untreated Phenylketonuria

Question 30

What is the most probable gender and race of an autistic individual?

Answer 30

White, Boy *1 in 68 children has it. 1 in 42 boys and 1 in 63 whites

Question 31

What 2 drug types are helpful with psychotic, aggressive and repetitive behavior especially if treatment starts in young autistic individuals?

Answer 31

1-Atypical Antipsychotics (Few extrapyramidal effects) 2-SSRIs *Focusing on skill development also helps treat

Question 32

Eating disorders effect 1-2% of the population and are typically who?

Answer 32

Adolescent Females *not exclusively

Question 33

What are two main types of eating disorders?

Answer 33

1-Anorexia Nervosa (don't eat) | 2-Bulimia nervosa (binge and purge)

Question 34

What are 5 symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa?

Answer 34

``` 1-Osteoporosis 2-Muscle Wasting 3-Damage to heart 4-Infertility 5-Dry Yellow SKin ```

Question 35

What two places do bulimics have the most damage?

Answer 35

1-Esophagus 2-Teeth *Also dehydrated and acid reflux from purging,

Question 36

Supportive psychotherapy and image counseling is helpful in eating disorders, what drugs could be used?

Answer 36

Antidepressants such as Fluoxetine and other SSRIs