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Neuroscience Section 4 > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Flashcards in Psychopathology Deck (44)
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0
Q

Positive symptoms

A

An abnormal behavioral state that has been gained

1
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Severe psychopathological disorder w symptoms such as emotional withdrawal, hallucinations and delusions

2
Q

Negative symptom

A

An abnormality that reflects insufficient or loss of functioning

3
Q

Monozygotic

A

Twins derived from a single fertilized egg. Share an identical set of genes.

4
Q

Dizygotic

A

Twins derived from separate eggs. No more related than other full siblings.

5
Q

Concordance

A

Characteristic seen I both individuals of a pair of twins

6
Q

What is the modern view of schizophrenia?

A

Interaction of genetic factors and stress at each life stage.

7
Q

Hypofrontality hypothesis

A

Idea that schizophrenia may reflect under activation of the frontal lobes

8
Q

Lobotomy

A

The surgical separation of the frontal lobes from the rest of the brain, used to be used to treat schizophrenia and other ailments

9
Q

Chloropromazine

A

Antipsychotic drug that replaced lobotomy as a treatment for schizophrenia

10
Q

Antipsychotic or neuroleptic

A

Class of drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, typically by blocking dopamine receptors

11
Q

Dopamine hypothesis

A

Idea that schizophrenia results from either excessive levels of synaptic dopamine or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to dopamine

12
Q

Amphetamine psychosis

A

Delusional state closely resembling schizophrenia that is brought on by repeated use of high doses of amphetamine

13
Q

Typical neuroleptic

A

An antischizophrenic drug that shows antagonist activity at dopamine D2 receptors

14
Q

Atypical neuroleptic

A

Antipsychotic drug that has actions other than or in addition to the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism that characterizes the typical neuroleptics

15
Q

What’s an example of an atypical neuroleptic?

A

Clozapine

16
Q

What especially disproves the dopamine theory?

A

Atypical neuroleptics are just as effective as dopamine blockers. L-dopa increases dopaminergic activity and reduces symptoms of schizophrenia

17
Q

Phencyclidine (PCP)

A

Anesthetic agent/psychedelic drug. Makes people feel dissociated

18
Q

Psychotomimetic

A

Drug that induces a state resembling schizophrenia

19
Q

Ketamine

A

Dissociative anesthetic drug that acts as an NMDA receptor agonist

20
Q

Glutamate hypothesis

A

Idea that schizophrenia maybe be caused in part by understimulation of glutamate receptors

21
Q

Depression

A

Psychiatric condition characterized by symptoms: unhappy mood, loss of interests, energy, and appetite

22
Q

Unipolar depression

A

Depression that alternates with normal emotional states

23
Q

Electro convulsive shock therapy (ECT)

A

Last resort treatment for unmanageable depression which strong electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure

24
Q

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

A

An enzyme that breaks down and inactivates Monoamine transmitters

25
Q

What is the common drug treatment for depression?

A

Use of MAO inhibitors to keep mono amines saturated in the synapses

26
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

A

Drug that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses.

27
Q

Deep brain stimulation

A

Mild electrical stimulation through an electrode that is surgically implanted deep in the brain

28
Q

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

A

Psychotherapy aimed at correcting negative thinking and consciously changing behaviors as a way of changing feelings

29
Q

Postpartum depression

A

Depression that afflicts a woman either immediately before or after giving birth

30
Q

Learned helplessness

A

Learning paradigm in which individuals are subjected to inescapable unpleasant conditions

31
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

Psychiatric disorder characterized by periods of depression that alternate with excessive expansive moods

32
Q

Lithium

A

Element that administered to patients often relieves the symptoms of bipolar disorder

33
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

Psychological disorders that include recurrent panic states, generalized anxiety disorders, and post traumatic stress disorder

34
Q

Benzodiazepine

A

Class of anti anxiety drugs are agonists of GABA receptors in the central nervous system. Ex: Valium

35
Q

Anxiolytic

A

A substance that is used to combat anxiety. Ex: alcohol, opiates, barbiturates, and the benzodiazepines

36
Q

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

Disorder in which memories of an unpleasant episode repeatedly plague the victim

37
Q

Fear conditioning

A

Form of learning in which fear comes to be associated with a previously neutral stimulus

38
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder

A

Anxiety disorder on which the affected individual experiences recurrent unwanted thoughts and engages in repetitive behaviors without the ability to stop

39
Q

Co morbid

A

Referring to the tendency of certain diseases to occur together in individuals

40
Q

What is often co morbid with OCD?

A

Tourette’s syndrome. They both involve abnormalities of the basal ganglia.

41
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

Involuntary movements seen as a result of prolonged use of dopamine blockers in schizophrenic patients

42
Q

Allopregnanolone

A

Neurosteroid that acts as an anxiolytic

43
Q

What are the main actions of anxiolytic drugs?

A

Bind to GABA receptors and enhance GABAs inhibitory actions