Positive symptoms
An abnormal behavioral state that has been gained
Schizophrenia
Severe psychopathological disorder w symptoms such as emotional withdrawal, hallucinations and delusions
Negative symptom
An abnormality that reflects insufficient or loss of functioning
Monozygotic
Twins derived from a single fertilized egg. Share an identical set of genes.
Dizygotic
Twins derived from separate eggs. No more related than other full siblings.
Concordance
Characteristic seen I both individuals of a pair of twins
What is the modern view of schizophrenia?
Interaction of genetic factors and stress at each life stage.
Hypofrontality hypothesis
Idea that schizophrenia may reflect under activation of the frontal lobes
Lobotomy
The surgical separation of the frontal lobes from the rest of the brain, used to be used to treat schizophrenia and other ailments
Chloropromazine
Antipsychotic drug that replaced lobotomy as a treatment for schizophrenia
Antipsychotic or neuroleptic
Class of drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, typically by blocking dopamine receptors
Dopamine hypothesis
Idea that schizophrenia results from either excessive levels of synaptic dopamine or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to dopamine
Amphetamine psychosis
Delusional state closely resembling schizophrenia that is brought on by repeated use of high doses of amphetamine
Typical neuroleptic
An antischizophrenic drug that shows antagonist activity at dopamine D2 receptors
Atypical neuroleptic
Antipsychotic drug that has actions other than or in addition to the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism that characterizes the typical neuroleptics
What’s an example of an atypical neuroleptic?
Clozapine
What especially disproves the dopamine theory?
Atypical neuroleptics are just as effective as dopamine blockers. L-dopa increases dopaminergic activity and reduces symptoms of schizophrenia
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Anesthetic agent/psychedelic drug. Makes people feel dissociated
Psychotomimetic
Drug that induces a state resembling schizophrenia
Ketamine
Dissociative anesthetic drug that acts as an NMDA receptor agonist
Glutamate hypothesis
Idea that schizophrenia maybe be caused in part by understimulation of glutamate receptors
Depression
Psychiatric condition characterized by symptoms: unhappy mood, loss of interests, energy, and appetite
Unipolar depression
Depression that alternates with normal emotional states
Electro convulsive shock therapy (ECT)
Last resort treatment for unmanageable depression which strong electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
An enzyme that breaks down and inactivates Monoamine transmitters
What is the common drug treatment for depression?
Use of MAO inhibitors to keep mono amines saturated in the synapses
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
Drug that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses.
Deep brain stimulation
Mild electrical stimulation through an electrode that is surgically implanted deep in the brain
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
Psychotherapy aimed at correcting negative thinking and consciously changing behaviors as a way of changing feelings
Postpartum depression
Depression that afflicts a woman either immediately before or after giving birth
Learned helplessness
Learning paradigm in which individuals are subjected to inescapable unpleasant conditions
Bipolar disorder
Psychiatric disorder characterized by periods of depression that alternate with excessive expansive moods
Lithium
Element that administered to patients often relieves the symptoms of bipolar disorder
Anxiety disorders
Psychological disorders that include recurrent panic states, generalized anxiety disorders, and post traumatic stress disorder
Benzodiazepine
Class of anti anxiety drugs are agonists of GABA receptors in the central nervous system. Ex: Valium
Anxiolytic
A substance that is used to combat anxiety. Ex: alcohol, opiates, barbiturates, and the benzodiazepines
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Disorder in which memories of an unpleasant episode repeatedly plague the victim
Fear conditioning
Form of learning in which fear comes to be associated with a previously neutral stimulus
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Anxiety disorder on which the affected individual experiences recurrent unwanted thoughts and engages in repetitive behaviors without the ability to stop
Co morbid
Referring to the tendency of certain diseases to occur together in individuals
What is often co morbid with OCD?
Tourette’s syndrome. They both involve abnormalities of the basal ganglia.
Tardive dyskinesia
Involuntary movements seen as a result of prolonged use of dopamine blockers in schizophrenic patients
Allopregnanolone
Neurosteroid that acts as an anxiolytic
What are the main actions of anxiolytic drugs?
Bind to GABA receptors and enhance GABAs inhibitory actions