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AS Psychology > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 definitions of abnormality in psychopathology

A

Statistical infrequency, deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately, deviation from ideal mental health

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2
Q

Name the 5 characteristics of the failure to function adequately definition of abnormality in psychopathology

A

Maladaptive, observer discomfort, irrationality, unpredictability, personal suffering

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3
Q

Name the 6 characteristics of the ideal mental health definition of abnormality in psychopathology

A

Master of environment, self-actualisation, resist stress, accurate perception of reality, positive attitude towards oneself, autonomy

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4
Q

Describe the statistical infrequency definition of abnormality in psychopathology

A

Anything that is statistically rare is abnormal

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5
Q

Give 2 negative evaluations of the statistical infrequency definition of abnormality in psychopathology

A

Statistically rare traits aren’t always bad (highly intelligent), people don’t always benefit from labels

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6
Q

Give an example of a social norm that has changed in the deviation from social norms definition of abnormality in psychopathology

A

Homosexuality

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7
Q

Give 2 negative evaluations of the deviation from social norms definition of abnormality in psychopathology

A

Culture-specific (jaw as necklace), not a sole explanation

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8
Q

Explain the failure to function adequately definition of abnormality in psychopathology

A

Inability to maintain levels of basic hygiene and nutrition

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9
Q

Give 2 negative evaluations of the failure to function adequately definition of abnormality in psychopathology

A

Doesn’t see it from individual’s perspective, people can be abnormal without showing signs (Harold Shipman)

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10
Q

Name the researcher who came up with the criteria for the deviation from ideal mental health definition of abnormality in psychopathology

A

Marie Jahoda

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11
Q

Give 1 negative evaluation of the deviation from ideal mental health definition of abnormality in psychopathology

A

Criteria is too demanding

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12
Q

Give 1 positive evaluation of the deviation from ideal mental health definition of abnormality in psychopathology

A

Gives patients in recovery something to aim for

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13
Q

Give 3 behavioural characteristics of depression in psychopathology

A

Reduced activity, sleep/eating disruption, aggression +self-harm

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14
Q

Give 3 behavioural characteristics of phobias in psychopathology

A

Panic, avoidance, endurance

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15
Q

Give 2 behavioural characteristics of OCD in psychopathology

A

Compulsions, avoidance

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16
Q

Give 3 emotional characteristics of depression in psychopathology

A

Lowered mood, anger, lowered self-esteem

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17
Q

Give 3 cognitive characteristics of depression in psychopathology

A

Poor concentration, dwelling on negative, absolutist thinking

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18
Q

Name the 2 models/theories in the cognitive approach to explaining depression

A

Ellis’s ABC model, Beck’s cognitive theory

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19
Q

Name the model/diagram used in Beck’s cognitive theory in the cognitive approach to explaining depression

A

Negative triad

20
Q

Describe the 3 elements of Beck’s negative triad in the cognitive approach to explaining depression

A

Negative thoughts about oneself, future and world

21
Q

There are 3 parts to Beck’s cognitive theory, one is the negative triad, what are the other 2? (the cognitive approach to explaining depression)

A

Negative self-schemas, faulty information-processing

22
Q

Describe what is meant by faulty information processing in Beck’s cognitive theory of depression

A

Thinking in black and white terms, someone has always done better

23
Q

What do A, B and C stand for in Ellis’s ABC model of depression? (the cognitive approach to explaining depression)

A

Activating event, belief, consequence

24
Q

Define irrational thoughts according to Ellis’s ABC model (the cognitive approach to explaining depression)

A

Anything that interferes with happiness

25
Q

Name the 2 types of belief in Ellis’s ABC model and define them (the cognitive approach to explaining depression)

A

Musturbation - perfectionism, utopianism - life’s meant to be fair

26
Q

Both of the cognitive explanations of depression have the same evaluation, give one that is negative

A

Don’t explain everything about depression eg hallucinations

27
Q

Both of the cognitive explanations of depression have the same evaluation, give one that is positive

A

Practical applications to CBT

28
Q

Name the 2 methods of treating depression and the psychologist that came up with them (cognitive approach to treating depression)

A

Ellis - REBT, Beck - CBT

29
Q

Describe what is meant by ‘patient as scientist’ in Beck’s CBT (cognitive approach to treating depression)

A

Patient writes things down eg every time someone is nice to them, then when the patient doubts themselves, the results are drawn upon to disprove them

30
Q

What des REBT stand for? (cognitive approach to treating depression)

A

Rational emotive behaviour therapy

31
Q

Ellis made an extension to his ABC model in the cognitive approach to treating depression, what were the 2 letters and what did they stand for?

A

D - dispute, E - effect

32
Q

What is the main technique of REBT? (cognitive approach to treating depression)

A

Identify + dispute irrational thoughts

33
Q

What is meant by the main technique ‘dispute’ in REBT?(cognitive approach to treating depression)

A

Vigorous argument

34
Q

What is the hallmark in REBT? (cognitive approach to treating depression)

A

Vigorous argument

35
Q

Describe ‘behavioural activation’ (cognitive approach to treating depression)

A

Encouraging patients to engage in activities

36
Q

In the behavioural approach to explaining phobias, who devised the 2-process model?

A

Mowrer

37
Q

What did Mowrer’s 2-process model consist of in the behavioural approach to explaining phobias?

A

Acquired through classical conditioning, maintained through operant conditioning

38
Q

Name the supporting evidence for acquiring a phobia through classical conditioning (the behavioural approach to explaining phobias)

A

Little Albert, white rat

39
Q

Name the 2 ways to treat a phobia according to the behavioural approach to explaining phobias

A

Flooding, systematic desensitisation

40
Q

Name the 3 processes involved in systematic desensitisation in the behavioural approach to explaining phobias

A

Hierarchy of fear, relaxation, exposure

41
Q

Briefly describe flooding in the behavioural approach to explaining phobias

A

Placing patient in worst case scenario until anxiety subsides

42
Q

Name the 3 emotional factors of OCD (psychopathology)

A

Anxiety, accompanying depression, guilt/disgust

43
Q

Name the 2 cognitive factors of OCD (psychopathology)

A

Obsessive thoughts, Awareness of them being irrational

44
Q

Describe what the genetic explanation of OCD thinks and the researcher who found supporting evidence (psychopathology)

A

OCD runs in families

45
Q

Lewis found that OCD is polygenic, what is meant by this? (psychopathology)

A

A variation of genes can lead to development of OCD

46
Q

What does the neural explanation of OCD discuss? (psychopathology)

A

The role of serotonin

47
Q

Name the 2 headings under the biological approach to explaining OCD (psychopathology)

A

Genetic, neural explanations

AS Psychology (6 decks)

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