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Puberty and HPG axis Flashcards

1
Q

What is thelarche

A

Breast development

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2
Q

What is adrenarche

A

Maturation and increase adrenal gland activity

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3
Q

What is gonadarche

A

Activation of reproductive glands by pituitary hormones FHS and LH

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4
Q

What is menarche

A

Onset of menstruation

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5
Q

What factors affect the onset on puberty

A

Weight, nutrition, sleep, pineal gland

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6
Q

What scale can we use

A

Tanners

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7
Q

What does Tanners use

A

Males: pubic hair and testicular and penis volume/size
Females: pubic hair and breast size

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8
Q

Why does female growth spurt last shorter than mens

A

Oestrogen causes fusion of epiphyseal plates earlier

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9
Q

What does the hypothalamus pituitary system regulated function of

A

Thyroid, adrenal, reproductive, growth, lactation, water metabolism

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10
Q

What is the onset of puberty associated with

A

LH and FSH secretion

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11
Q

Why doesn’t the reproductive system work before puberty

A

GnRH secretion not pulsatile so hormone levels too low

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12
Q

What does GnRH regulate

A

Puberty onset, sexual development, ovulatory cycles

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13
Q

Where is the GnRH receptor

A

Anterior pituitary

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14
Q

How does GnRH affect change when it binds to receptor

A

G coupled
Conformational change and intracellular pathways activated
Modulation of genes in target cells via phosphorylation events

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15
Q

What is the adult pattern of GnRH release

A

Males pulses after 2 hours

Females depends on cycle phase

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16
Q

What happens if GnRH release isn’t pulsatile

A

Desensitisation by loss of receptors

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17
Q

What is adenophyphysis

A

Anterior pituitary

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18
Q

What does the anterior pituitary release

A

LH, FSH, ACTH, GH, LPH, MSH, prolactin

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19
Q

What is the effect of LH and FSH secretion

A

Gonadal development

20
Q

Why is there negative feedback from oestrogen and testosterone

A

Don’t want constant GnRH release or will be desensitized.

21
Q

What does LH stimulate in males

A

Leydig cells –> testosterone

22
Q

What affects testosterone production

A

Circadian rhythm, time of day, environment

23
Q

What does FSH stimulate

A

Sertoli cells –> spermatogenesis and inhibin release

24
Q

What does inhibin feedback to

A

Anterior pituitary

25
What does testosterone feedback to
Hypo and ant p
26
What is the role of seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenesis
27
Where are they Leydig cells
Interstitial fluid of testes between seminiferous tubules
28
What 2 cells do the S tubules contain
Sertoli and Germ cells
29
What is the role of sertoli cells
Nutrition and hormonal support to germ cells = sperm formation Secrete inhibin Sensitive to FSH
30
What does FSH stimulate in females
Granulosa cells = follicular development Inhibin release which only inhibits FSH Convert androgens to oestrogen
31
What does LH stimulate in females
Theca cells = androgen release LH surge Maintains corpus luteum as release progesterone and oestrogen
32
In females, what is inhibited by inhibin release
FSH
33
In females what inhibits GnRH
Moderate oestrogen
34
In females what promotes GnRH release
High levels of oestrogen so we get LH surge
35
Effects of GH secretion
Increase TSH = increase metabolic rate = tissue growth promoted Retention of minerals to support bone and muscle growth = spurt
36
Role of Leptin
Energy store information to CNS important for neuroendocrine function
37
What does excess or deficiency of Leptin cause
Early puberty onset | Reproductive dysfunction
38
What is central precocious puberty
Early puberty with elevated GnRH
39
What causes central precocious puberty
Lesions, tumours, obesity,
40
What is the mechanism of CPP
Premature activation of HPA leading to early development of secondary sexual characteristics and gonadarche
41
What would lab results of CPP show
Basal LH and FSH: elevated GnRH stimulation test increase Lh and FSH High androgen
42
What is Peripheral precocious puberty
Early puberty without elevated GnRH
43
Causes of PPP
``` High androgens Ovarian cyst Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Leydig-cell tumour Granulosa cell tumour Hepatoblastoma- B HCG produced Primary hypothyroidism ```
44
What would PPP lab tests show
High androgens, decrease LH and FSH
45
When is it called delayed onset of puberty
Absent or incomplete by 14 boys and 13 girls
46
What are the causes of delayed onset of puberty
Constitutional - low bone age- they will catch up Malnutrition Hypogonadism
47
What will lab tests show with delayed onset of puberty
No increase in LH and FSH to drive puberty

Reproductive (13 decks)

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