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Physiology Exam III Material > Pulmonary Ventilation > Flashcards

Pulmonary Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the carina

A

inside trace at point of branching of primary bronchi

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2
Q

The carina is very sensitive and produces the ____ reflex

A

cough

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3
Q

What are the inspiratory muscles

A
  • Respiratory diaphragm
  • External intercostal muscles (limited)
  • Sternomastoids
  • Serratus anterior muscles
  • Scalene muscles
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4
Q

What are the expiratory muscles (note that these are responsible for forceful expiration)

A
  • Abdominal muscles

- Internal intercostals

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5
Q

What are the two ways that the lungs can be expanded and contracted

A
  1. ) By downward and upward movement of the diaphragm to lengthen or shorten the chest cavity
  2. ) By elevation and depression of the ribs to increase and decrease the anteroposterior diameter of the chest cavity
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6
Q

What muscles pull the rib cage downward (muscles of expiration)

A

abdominal recti

internal intercostals

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7
Q

What muscles raise the rib cage (muscles of inspiration)

A
  • External intercostals (most important)
  • Sternomastoid muscles
  • serratus anterior muscles
  • scalene muscles
  • Respiratory diagram
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8
Q

Expiration is _____ at rest

A

passive

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9
Q

During inspiration what happens to ______ vertical diameter and _____ A-P diameter

A

increased, increased

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10
Q

Total lung capacity=

A

The maximum volume of gas the lungs can hold

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11
Q

Total lung capacity is made up of distinct, non-overlapping sub-compartments referred to as ______

A

Lung volumes

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12
Q

Combinations of lung volumes form

A

lung capacities

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13
Q

What is the volume of air that is inspired or expired with each at rest called

A

Tidal Volume

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14
Q

What is the normal Tidal Volume (for a young adult male)

A

500mL

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15
Q

What is the volume of air that can be inspired in addition to tidal volume with forceful inspiration called

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

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16
Q

What is the average inspiratory reserve volume (for a young adult male)

A

3000mL

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17
Q

Volumes and capacities averages for a young adult male should be ________ by _____ for a female

A

reduced by 20-25%

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18
Q

Volumes and capacities for an average young adult male should be _____ for larger individual or athlete

A

increased

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19
Q

What is the normal expiratory reserve volume (for an average young adult male)

A

1100mL

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20
Q

What is the additional volume of air that can be expired at end of tidal volume by forceful expiration called

A

Expiratory reserve volume

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21
Q

What is the normal residual volume (for an average young adult male)

A

1200mL

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22
Q

What is the volume of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration called

A

Residual volume

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23
Q

What is the normal vital capacity (for an average young adult male)

A

4600 mL

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24
Q

What is vital capacity

A
  • The sum of all the volumes that can be inspired or exhaled

- Inspiration to the maximum extent plus expiration to the maximum extent

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25
Q

What is the sum of all the volumes that can be inspired or exhaled called

A

Vital Capacity

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26
Q

What is the normal total lung capacity (for an average young adult male)

A

5800mL

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27
Q

What is the sum of all the volumes (vital capacity plus residual volume) called

A

Total lung capacity

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28
Q

What is the sum of all volumes above resting capacity (tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume) called

A

Inspiratory capacity

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29
Q

What is the normal inspiratory capacity (for an average young adult male)

A

3500mL

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30
Q

What is the sum of volumes below resting capacity (expiratory reserve volume + residual volume) called

A

Functional residual capacity

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31
Q

What is functional residual capacity

A

The sum of volumes below resting capacity (expiratory reserve volume + residual volume)

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32
Q

What is the normal functional reserve volume (for an average young adult male)

A

2300mL

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33
Q

What is inspiratory capacity

A

the sum of volumes above resting capacity (tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume)

34
Q

Define Minute Ventilation (Ve)

A

Total volume of gases moved into or out of the lungs per minute

35
Q

Equation for minute ventilation

A

(breaths per minute) x (tidal volume)

ex- (16 breaths/minute) x (500mL/breath)= 8000 mL/minute

36
Q

Define Alveolar ventilation (Va)

A

Total volume of gases that enter spaces participating in gas exchange per minute

37
Q

What is the equation for Alveolar Ventilation

A

(breaths per minute) x (Tidal volume - Dead Space)

ex. (16 breaths/minute) x (500mL/breath - 150mL/breath)
= 5600 mL/minute (5.6 L per minute)

38
Q

Locations of Anatomic dead space

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles

39
Q

Areas of physiological dead space

A

Anatomic dead space (Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles) + ventilated alveoli with poor or absent perfusion

40
Q

What is the total dead space in a normal individual

A

.15 Liters

41
Q

How many liters are in the respiratory bronchioles and perfused alveoli in a single breath

A

0.35 liters (tidal volume (.5L - total dead space (.15L) = 0.35 Liters)

42
Q

Dead spaces does not participate in ______ and contains negligible _____

A

Ventilation (gas-exchange), CO2

43
Q

The amount of CO2 in regions of lungs involved in gas exchange equals that of

A

arterial blood (PaCO2)

44
Q

What is the equation for calculating dead space

A

Vd= (Vtot x (PaCO2 - PeCO2)) / PaCO2

dead space = ( tidal volume x (amount of CO2 in arterial blood - amount of CO2 in expired air)) / amount of CO2 in arterial blood

therefore a higher amount of CO2 in the arterial blood and a lower the amount of CO2 in expired air would mean more dead space

45
Q

The amount of carbon dioxide originating form regions of lungs involved in gas exchange equals that of arterial blood because

A

blood gases equilibrate with alveolar gases during transit through the pulmonary circulation

46
Q

Define Transpulmonary pressure

A

Difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure during any point in the inspiration or expiration cycles

47
Q

Define alveolar pressure

A

pressure of the air inside the alveoli

48
Q

Define Pleural pressure

A

Pressure of the fluid between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura

49
Q

The normal pleural pressure at the beginning of inspiration is about _____ cm of water

A

-5 cm of water (this is the amount of suction required to hold the lungs open to their resting level)

50
Q

During normal inspiration, expansion of the chest cage pulls outward on the lungs with greater force and creates more negative pressure, to an average of about ________ cm of water

A

-7.5 cm of water

51
Q

As pleural pressure becomes more negative lung volume ___

A

increases

52
Q

As pleural pressure becomes less negative lung volume

A

decreases

53
Q

to cause inward flow of air into the alveoli during inspiration, the pressure in the alveoli must fall to a value slightly below

A

atmospheric pressure (below 0)

54
Q

during normal inspiration alveolar pressure decreases to about ____ cm of water

A

-1 cm of water

55
Q

during expiration the alveolar pressure increases to about ___ cm of water

A

+ 1 cm of water

56
Q

What are the names of the pressures reselling in the movement of air in and out of the lungs

A
  • Pleural pressure
  • Alveolar pressure
  • Transpulmonary pressure (this is the difference between the alveolar and pleural pressure)
57
Q

When is transpulmonary pressure the greatest

A

at the end of inspiration/beginning of expiration (this because alveolar pressure is at trending up (around zero) meanwhile pleural pressure is at is max negative value (-7.5) before increasing during expiration)

58
Q

Pleural and alveolar pressure are measured in

A

centimeters of water

59
Q

What is the pleural pressure during inspiration

A

-5 (start) to -7.5 (end) cm of water

60
Q

What is the Pleural pressure during expiration

A

-7.5 (start) to -5 (end) cm of water

61
Q

What is the alveolar pressure during inspiration

A

0 to -1 cm of water

62
Q

What is the alveolar pressure during expiration

A

0 to +1 cm of water (note that +1 is the max and it returns back to 0 before starting inspiration)

63
Q

The extent (volume) to which lungs will expand for each unit increase in the transpulmonary pressure is called

A

Compliance

64
Q

Define compliance in terms of lungs

A

The extent (volume) to which lungs will expand for each unit increase in the transpulmonary pressure

65
Q

compliance is expressed in

A

Liters (volume of air) per centimeter of water (pressure)

66
Q

What is normal compliance

A

200mL air per centimeter of water

67
Q

Compliance is a measure of the _______ of the lungs and trachea

A

expansibility

68
Q

The normal compliance in an adult human averages about 200 mL of air per centimeter of water transpulmonary pressure. That is, every time the transpulmonary pressure increases 1 cm of water, the lung volume, after 10 to 20 seconds, will expand _______

A

200 mL

69
Q

Compliance is equal to distensibility x

A

volume

70
Q

Compliance is determined by

A
  • the elastic forces of the lung tissue

- Surface tension within the alveoli

71
Q

Elastance is the measure of the

A

tendency of a hollow viscus to recoil toward its original dimensions upon removal of a distending or collapsing force

72
Q

Compliance is the reciprocal of

A

elastance

73
Q

The measure at which a hollow viscus may be distended

A

Compliance

74
Q

What are the most important components of surfactant

A
  • Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (a phospholipid)
  • Surfactant apoproteins
  • Calcium ions
75
Q

Surfactant is produced by

A

type II alveolar cells

76
Q

If air passages leading form the alveoli are blocked, the surface tension in the alveoli ______ the alveoli. This creates ______ pressure in the alveoli

A

collapses, positive

77
Q

Pressure in alveoli equation

A

pressure= ( 2 x surface tension ) / radius of the alveolus

78
Q

For an average size alveolus with a radius of about 100 micrometers and lined with normal surfactant the pressure is about

A

4 cm of water pressure (3 mm Hg)

79
Q

Part of the surfactant molecule ______, while the rest of it spreads over the surface of water in the alveoli

A

dissolves

80
Q

Without surfactant pressure in alveoli is

A

4.5 times as great

Physiology Exam III Material (13 decks)

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