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Zoology 2040 > Quiz #1 > Flashcards

Quiz #1 Flashcards

Lectures 1-5

1
Q

Name the types of evidence you need to in order to use the “biological concept of species”.

A
  1. Ability to interbreed
  2. Niche
  3. Morphology
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2
Q

Periods when large numbers of species and families are forever lost in the fossil record are called

A

Mass extinction

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3
Q

How to write scientific names for species

A

Two names: first capitalized, all underlined

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4
Q

Cells of multicellular organisms differ from the cell of a unicellular organism in three aspects which are

A
  • Cells of multicellular animals are smaller
  • Cells of multicellular animals are more dependent
  • Cells of multicellular animals are more specialized
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5
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. observation
  2. question
  3. hypothesis
  4. prediction
  5. testing
  6. theory
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6
Q

What was the theory before natural selection?

A

Creationism

-Religious belief that nature and all aspects of the universe originated from god

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7
Q

What are Darwin’s 5 theories?

A
  1. Perpetual change
  2. Common descent
  3. Multiplication of species
  4. Gradualism
  5. Natural selection
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8
Q

Perpetual Change

A

Living organisms are not constant or immutable, they change.
Example: how insects become resistant to pesticides
Problems with this theory: Fossil records may be biased because soft structured animals are not in them,

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9
Q

Common Descent

A

There is a common ancestor for all living forms, current or extinct.
-Homologous and Analogous relationships
Example: using a cladogram

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10
Q

Multiplication of Species

A

A branching tree that diversification ancestral form splits into two or more derived forms.
Example: variation that occurs due to geographical barriers which creates new species

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11
Q

Four main concepts of species

A
  1. Typological
  2. Biological
  3. Evolutionary
  4. Phylogenetic
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12
Q

Typological concept of species

A
  • Based on morphological similarity. They look similar, then they’re grouped as a species.
  • Assumes species do not change which is false
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13
Q

Biological concept of species

A
  • Based on similarity, niche, and ability to interbreed and produce viable offspring
  • Limitations for asexual species
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14
Q

Phylogenetic concept of species

A
  • Based on the evolutionary concept and in any recognizable genetic variation resulting from isolation
  • Limits because hard to recognize with just the eye
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15
Q

Evolutionary concept of species

A

Based on biological concept plus evidence of ancestry

-Limits species who do not have ancestry information

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16
Q

Micro-evolution

A

Variation within species

17
Q

Macro-evolution

A

Variation among species

18
Q

3 elements to recognizing species

A
  1. An official name (binomial system)
  2. An official description (in publication)
  3. An official type of preserved specimen
19
Q

Gradualism

A

Change among species occurs as a gradual process over time

Limits because species can change suddenly or not at all

20
Q

Natural Selection

A

Change is driven by natural selection and the survival of the fittest
Four key observations:
1. Populations are fertile
2. Resources are limited so numbers remain ~same
3. Variation seems hereditary
4. Differential survival and no identical descendants

21
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

Formation of various species from a common ancestral form

also occurs after massive extinctions

22
Q

What caused the massive extinction of dinosaurs?

A

Could be:

  1. Global warming
  2. Asteroid/ meteor rain
  3. Lack/change in food source
23
Q

Animals four distinctive characteristics

A
  1. Heterotrophic
  2. Multicellular
  3. Eukaryote
  4. Have no cell walls
24
Q

Why aren’t all animals pluricellular?

A

There are zygotes (fertilized gamete) that are a single cell

25
Q

Taxonomy

A

The discipline that names the species. Important for distinguishing what is a species

26
Q

Systematics

A

looks at relationships between species and compares how closely related species are by cladogram

27
Q

Multicellular animals

A

-Animals can be big and complex
As size increases, the surface to volume ration decreases which limits metabolism
-Cells are smaller, more dependent
-More specialized

28
Q

Unicellular animals

A
  • Small and simple
  • Small surface area
  • Require high surface to volume ratio
29
Q

Four main tissues

A
  1. Epithelial: internal and external surfaces
  2. Connective: binding & support (ligaments)
  3. Muscular: contractile cells
  4. Neural: reception and conduction of stimuli
30
Q

Sponge Phylum

A

Porifera

31
Q

3 body shapes of sponges

A
  1. Asconoids
  2. Syconoids
  3. Leuconoids
32
Q

Asconoids

A
  • Simplest organization of sponges
  • Tube shaped
  • Lined with choanocytes
33
Q

Syconoids

A
  • More complicated sponge body
  • Single osculum
  • Layered in syconoids
  • Choanocytes line radial canals
34
Q

Leuconoids

A
  • Most complex sponge body
  • Numerous osculums
  • No spongocoel
  • Flagellated chambers lined with choanocytes
35
Q

Choanocytes

A
  • Main cell

- Flagellum moves water for filtration

Zoology 2040 (15 decks)

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