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A & P 1 > Quiz 7 - Neural Tissue/Brain & Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Quiz 7 - Neural Tissue/Brain & Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Wave of depolarization that is propagated across and entire cell membrane

A

Action Potential

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2
Q

The properties of the nation potential are independent of the relative strength of the depolarizing stimulus as long as that stimulus exceeds the threshold potential.

A

All-or-None Principle

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3
Q

Generation of action potential

A
  1. Depolarize membrane to threshold potential
  2. Activate sodium channels/Sodium ions enter cell and membrane is depolarized
  3. Sodium channels close/potassium channels reopen. Membrane polarizes again
  4. Resting potential is re-established and normal ion permeability is restored.
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4
Q

Junction between a neuron and another cell

A

Synapse

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5
Q

Transmission of neural impulse from one cell to another.

A

Synaptic Transmission

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6
Q

Signal jumping between myelin.

A

Saltation

Signals travel faster with myelin.

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7
Q

Space between the two cells

A

Synaptic cleft

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8
Q

Synaptic Transmission: _______ _______ of the synaptic terminal releases neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

A

Presynaptic Membrane

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9
Q

Synaptic Transmission: ____________ diffuses across the synaptic cleft and reacts with the _________ membrane

A

Neurotransmitter

Postsynaptic

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10
Q

Postsynaptic membrane may be ________, GENERATING propagation of an action potential in the postsynaptic membrane.

A

Depolarized

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11
Q

Postsynaptic membrane may become __________, INHIBITING propagation of an action potential in the postsynaptic membrane.

A

Hyperpolarized

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12
Q

The effect of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane depends on the properties of the _______, not on the nature of the _________.

A

Receptor

Neurotransmitter

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13
Q

End formation by which the axon of a motor neuron establishes synaptic contact with a skeletal muscle fiber

A

Motor End Plate

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14
Q

The ________ is modified around the motor end plate.

A

Sarcolemma

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15
Q

A single motor neuron, plus those muscle fibers controlled by it.

A

The motor unit

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16
Q

Autoimmune disease causing muscle weakness.

A

Myasthenia Gravis

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17
Q

Antibodies bind to the receptors and both the neurotransmitters.
More common and earlier onset in _________ (men/women).

A

Myasthenia Gravis

Women

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18
Q

Symptom: Trouble blinkning, swallowing, tracking with eyes.

A

Myasthenia Gravis

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19
Q

Neurotoxin prevents muscle contraction by preventing release of neurotransmitter from motor neuron.

A

Botulism

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20
Q

Mis-canned food is a prime source for ______.

A

Botulism

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21
Q

Neurotoxin causes excessive stimulation of target muscle, which results in severe muscle spasms and sustained muscle contractions.

A

Tetanus

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22
Q

Open wounds are susceptible to ______.

A

Tetanus

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23
Q

Potential at which sodium-channels open, allowing sodium ions to readily enter the cell; depolarization to -60 to -55mV (small kids opening fire door… once that threshold is reached, it doesn’t matter if it is barely reached or 10x what’s necessary)

A

Threshold Potential

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24
Q

Local changes in membrane potential can be additive if they occur close together in time or space (multiple signals close together in time or space)

A

Summation

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25
Q

Amount of change is directly proportional to the size of the stimulus.

A

Graded Potential

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26
Q

Resting potential becomes more negative vs. resting potential becomes less negative

A

Hyperpolarizing vs. Depolarizing

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27
Q

Myelinate axons of the PNS

A

Schwann Cells

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28
Q

A cluster of neuron cell bodies

A

Ganglion

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29
Q

Surround and provide support for neuron cell bodies within a ganglion

A

Satellite Cells

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30
Q

The multi-layered membranous wrapping formed by the oligodendrocyte; increases the speed of action potential propagation along the axon.

A

Myelin

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31
Q

Process wrap around axons of the CNS, INSULATING them

A

Oligodendrocyte

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32
Q

The “immune system” cells of the CNS

A

Microglia

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33
Q

Support cell for neurons in the CNS; a component of the “blood-brain barrier” (gate-keepers for what comes out of blood vessels)

A

Astrocyte

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34
Q

Epithelial cells, lining the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord; some specialized ependymal cells secrete cerebrospinal fluid.

A

Ependymal Cell

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35
Q

Support cells of the nervous system

A

Neuroglia

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36
Q

Cells of the afferent division of the PNS (internal & external senses)

A

Sensory neurons

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37
Q

Cells of the efferent division of the PNS

A

Motor Neurons

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38
Q

May act as connectors between sensory and motor neurons; located entirely within the CNS

A

Interneurons

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39
Q

Small, with a short axon not easily distinguished from the dendrites; primarily found in the brain and in special sense organs

A

Anaxonic

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40
Q

Has one long axon and many dendrites; most common type of neuron in the CNS

A

Multipolar

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41
Q

Appears to have one process which bifurcates into an axon and a single dendrite; most sensory neurons are _________.

A

Unipolar

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42
Q

Has one long axon and only one dendrite, positioned at opposite ends of the soma; occurs in special sense organs

A

Bipolar

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43
Q

Junction between a neuron and another cell

A

Synapse

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44
Q

End of an axon which interacts with another cell and the synapse.

A

Synaptic Terminal

45
Q

Long cytoplasmic process which carries nervous impulses away from the soma

A

Axon

46
Q

Highly branched processes which carry nervous impulses toward the soma.

A

Dendrites

47
Q

Cells that transmit nervous impulses

A

Neurons

48
Q

SNS & function

A

Somatic Nervous System - Motor controls going to skeletal muscles.

49
Q

ANS & function

A

Autonomic Nervous System - Cardiac and smooth muscles - involuntary.

50
Q

Carrying nerve impulses from the CNS to muscles, visceral organs and glands.

A

Efferent Division

51
Q

Carrying nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS.

A

Afferent Division

52
Q

S.A.M.E.

A

Sensory - Afferent

Motor - Efferent

53
Q

CNS/make-up

A

Central Nervous System - brain and spinal cord

54
Q

PNS/make-up

A

Peripheral Nervous System - Neural tissue outside of the CNS

55
Q

Center of conscious thought

A

Cerebrum

56
Q

Located int he frontal lobe, just in front of the central sulcus. Processes motor neuron info

A

Motor Cortex

57
Q

Located in the parietal lobe, just behind the central sulcus. Processes sensory neuron info

A

Sensory Cortex

58
Q

Located throughout the cerebral cortex

A

Association and Integration areas

59
Q

Composed primarily of myelinated axons

A

Central White Matter

60
Q

Cluster of gray matter embedded within the central white matter

A

Cerebral Nuclei

61
Q

Containing the thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

62
Q

Located on either side of the third ventricle.

Relays and filters sensory information ascending from the spinal cord to the cerebral nuclei and cortex

A

Thalamus

63
Q

Lying below the thalamus and making up the lower walls and floor of the third ventricle.
Boss of pituitary gland.

A

Hypothalamus

64
Q

The ‘primitive’ or ‘emotional’ brain

A

Limbic System

65
Q

Joins lower parts of the brain stem and spinal cord to the diencephalon and cerebrum.

A

Mesencephalon

66
Q

Coordinates automatic adjustment of skeletal muscles to maintain posture.

A

Cerebellum

67
Q

Links the cerebellum to the mesencephalon, cerebrum and s spinal cord.

A

Pons

68
Q

Contains nuclei for cranial nerves V through VIII

A

Pons

69
Q

Contains nuclei dealing with control of respiration

A

Pons

70
Q

An enlarged continuation of the spinal cord, extending from the foramen magnum to the pons

A

Medulla Oblongata

71
Q

Relay for all sensory and motor nerve tracts.

Contains nuclei for cranial nerves VIII through XII.

A

Medulla Oblongata

72
Q

Oh, Oh, Oh To Touch And Feel Vaginas Gives Vinny A Hard-on

A

Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal

73
Q

Nerver Roots: (Efferent fibers), (Afferent fibers), (housing sensory neuron cell bodies)

A

Ventral Root, Dorsal Root, Dorsal Root Ganglion

74
Q

Coverings of the spinal cord.

A

Meninges

75
Q

Meaning that continues onto nerves stemming off spinal cord.

A

Dura Mater

76
Q

Space outside of the dura mater

A

Epidural Space

77
Q

Inside the dura mater.

A

Arachnoid Mater

78
Q

Deepest meninge; Fused to the outside surface of the spinal cord

A

Pia Mater

79
Q

Spinal nerve coverings:
Surrounds each individual fiber of the PNS.
smallest/deepest

A

Endoneurium

80
Q

Spinal nerve coverings:
Surrounds a fascicle (bundle of nerve fibers)
Middle (size/location)

A

Perineurium

81
Q

Spinal nerve coverings:
Surrounds a peripheral nerve.
largest/most superficial

A

Epineurium

82
Q

Sensory and motor innervation to skin and muscles near the spinal column

A

Dorsal primary ramus

83
Q

Sensory and motor innervation to the rest of the body

A

Ventral primary ramus

84
Q

White ramus (myelinated) and gray ramus

A

Rami Communicantes

85
Q

In general, prepares the body for fight or flight.

A

Sympathetic division of ANS

86
Q

_______ neurons originate in the thoracolumbar region.

A

Preganglionic

87
Q

In general, prepares the body for ‘rest and repose’

A

Parasympathetic

88
Q

________ speeds the heart up and ________ slows it down.

A

Sympathetic/Parasympathetic

89
Q

Area monitored by a single receptor cell.

A

Receptive Field

90
Q

Process by which the brain causes a sensation to be perceived as originating at the point of stimulation.

A

Projection

91
Q

Adjustment to a sensory stimulus over time

A

Sensory Adaptation

92
Q

Send info about outside environment.

A

Exteroceptors

93
Q

Send info about internal environment

A

Interoceptors

94
Q

Respond to mechanical deformation of the nerve receptor

A

Mechanoreceptor

95
Q

Respond to damage

A

Pain receptor

96
Q

Respond to temp.

A

Thermoreceptor

97
Q

Respond to chemical

A

Chemoreceptor

98
Q

Respond to light.

A

Photoreceptor

99
Q

The general senses: touch, pressure, vibration

A

Tactile receptors

100
Q

Pressure receptors in organ walls sending stretch signals.

A

Baroreceptors

101
Q

Send signals to the cerebellum about where we are in space.

A

Proprioceptors

102
Q

Signal oxygen deprivation, damage or close to damaging.

A

Pain receptors

103
Q

Free nerve endings with a large receptive field.
Do NOT adapt.
Stimulus travels to the thalamus, and then to the cerebral cortex.

A

Pain Receptors

104
Q

The sense of taste

A

gustation

105
Q

Vision anatomy: composed of the sclera and the cornea.

A

Fibrous tunic

106
Q

Vision anatomy: composed of the choroid layer, iris, pupil and ciliary body.

A

Vascular tunic

107
Q

Vision anatomy: composed of the pigmented layer and the neural layer.

A

Neural tunic

108
Q

For visual acuity in dim light, distributed in a broad band on the periphery of the retina.

A

Rods

109
Q

For color vision, distributed along the posterior retinal surface, concentrated in the fovea centralis of the macula lutea.

A

Cones

A & P 1 (11 decks)

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