Random Recall Part 1 Flashcards by fernanda moraes

Egfr range that vascular access should be considered

20-25

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level of GFR (ml/min/1.73m2) does insulin resistance become deranged in uremic carbohydrate metabolism

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Biopsy of skin tissue showed fibroblast- like cell that stained with procollagen I and CD34

Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis

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bone biopsy: Histologic results show increased rate of bone formation, increased bone resorption, extensive osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity and progressive increase in endosteal peritrabecular fibrosis

Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica

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hormonal dysfunction leads to sexual dysfunction in both males and female patients with CKD

increase prolactin

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average latency period (in days) before the onset of nephritis in postpharygitic cases of post streptococcal glomerulonephritis

7-21 days

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type of membranoproliferative GN is a retinal examination indicated

Dense Deposit Disease

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minimum adequate amount of specimen needed for transplant biopsies

10 glomeruli 2 arteries

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parasitic disease cause glomerular involvement owing to reduced expression of complement receptor 1

Malaria

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antihypertensive medications used in pregnancy has been associated with fetal growth restriction

Atenolol

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physiologic mechanisms during pregnancy exacerbates renal damage in patients with preexisting renal disease

Increase RBF and GFR

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primary mechanism of water, sodium, and chloride transport in the descending thin limb of the Loop of Henle

passive diffusion

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renal tumor can cause excess aldosterone leading to hypertension and hypokalemia

renal juxtaglomerular tumor

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asymptomatic microscopic hematuria

more than 3 RBC/HPF in at least two of three samples

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pathophysiologic mechanism of Cisplatin-induced AKI

tubular toxicity

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renal autoregulation works until a mean systemic arterial blood pressure of

80 mmhg

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most important substance produced by the endothelium for BP regulation

nitric oxide

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30# of NaCl reabsorption occur

loop of henle

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transcellular NaCl via a Cl-OH exchanger in the proximal tubule is mediated by which protein

SLC26A6

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vasopressin in NaCl transport in the TAL

apical Na K 2Cl cotransport

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major mechanism of potassium transport in proximal tubule

paracellular pathway

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estrogen in Calcium transport

decrease urine ca excretion

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hematuria secondary to pigment nephropathy

positive for blood and urine RBC is 0-2/hpf

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layer of the peritoneum is duplicated after long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment or ex- posure to a high glucose concentration

Submesothelial basement membrane

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minimum ultrafiltration volume (ml) needed to determine ultrafiltration failure in a PD patient who undergoes peritoneal equilibration test (PET)

400

benefits of icodextrin use

Better lipid profile, lower mortality, regression of LVH

laboratory test can be used as an index for monitoring the evolution of renal osteodystrophy and serves as a surrogate measure of bone turnover

Parathyroid hormone

disorder shows progressive hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the parathyroid hormone and is one of the hallmarks of disordered mineral metabolism in CKD

tertiary hyperparathyroidism

primary mechanism of water, sodium, and chloride transport in the descending thin limb of the Loop of Henle

passive diffusion

marked renal physiologic change induced by hypokalemia

NaCl retention

Na cotransporter affected in pseydohypoaldosterinusm type II (Gordon syndrome)

NCC

transport channel affords the ability to increase reabsorption of sodium within the CCD without affecting potassium secretion

Thiazide sensitive NCC

hypoK, low renin, high aldo

primary hyperaldosteronism

treatment of PA

sprinoloctone

Treatment for PHA I

NaCl

hyperK, high renin, high aldo

Pseudohypoaldosteronism

hyperK low renin low aldo

hypreninimec hypoaldo

treatment of hyporenin hypoaldo

loop diuretics

stimulates sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb

Vasopressin, PTH, glucaogon, calcitonin, B adrenergic agonist

1, alpha, 25(OH)D decrease/increase expression of calbindin D

increase

The parathyroid hormone decrease/increase the activity of TRPV5 channels

increase

Furosemide activates/inhibits NaK2Cl cotransport type 2

inhibits

Ca sensing receptor activation inhibits/activates NKCC2 activity

inhibits

DIalysis water contaminant causing cardiac arrhythmia and death

fluoride

dialysis water contaminant causing osteomalacia, microcytic anemia, dialysis associated encephalopathy – dementia and movement disorder

Aluminum

most frequent cause of early recurrence of primary disease in post-transplant patients

FSGS

most common cell origin of renal cell carcinoma

proximal tubule - clear cell

primary phenotypic structural lesion in PKD lies in this cellular organism

cilium

radiologic feature that best predicts the rate of decline of kidney function

baseline kidney volume

treatment of salicylate poisoning

hemodialysis

granular cells that contain renin and its precursor are found in

afferent arteriole

segment of the renal circulation which has the highest hydraulic pressure

arcuate artery

Decrease in Colloid Osmotic pressure leads to inc/dec in SNGFR

Increase in SNGFR

30% of the filtered NaCl is reabsorbed in this segment via the Na-K-2Cl co-transporter.

Loop of Henle

the site of the glomerulotubular balance wherein the fractional reabsorption of Na increases as the GFR increases

proximal tubule

Reabsorption of filtered Na occurs in this segment via the Na-H exchange transporter.

proximal tubule

About 10% of the filtered NaCl is reabsorbed in this segment via the NaCl co-transporter (NCC).

DCT

Reabsorption of Na without Cl occurs in this segment via the highly selective epithelial Na channel (ENaC).

CCD

Regulated K secretion occurs in the principal cells of this segment

CCD

major site of tubular Mg reabsorption.

Loop of henle

major site of tubular phosphate reabsorption

proximal tubule

HCTZ will increase/decrease Ca reabsorption in the proximal tubule

increase Ca reabsorption

major regulator of renal phosphate handling

PTH

Most of the bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule involves this transporter.

NHE

Bicarbonate secretion into the tubular lumen via the bicarbonate-Cl exchanger (pendrin) occurs in the

Type B intercalated Cells

metabolism of this amino acid leads to the formation and secretion of two ammonium (NH4) ions and the formation and reabsorption of two bicarbonate ions.

Glutamine

Pregnancy has inc/dec AQP2

increase

chief site of dilution of the urine regardless of vasopressin (ADH) activity

loop of henle

the major solute that accounts for the medullary hypertonicity

urea

“Hyperdynamic Circulation Theory” postulates that sodium and water retention in cirrhosis is brought about by increased production of this substance

Nitric Oxide

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) caused by hypercalcemia

intrarenal vasoconstriction

electrolyte abnormality is commonly associated with aminoglycoside and cisplatin induced Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

hypomagnesemia

mechanism involved in Uric Acid -induced ATN

direct tubular toxicity

biomarker may be used to differentiate pre-renal AKI from ATN

NGAL

most sensitive index in differentiating pre-renal AKI from ischemic ATN

FeNa

Drug that may increase GFR in AKI

natriuretic peptide

the KDOQI guidelines, what is the maximum duration for using an internal jugular (IJ) vein catheter to minimize the risk of infection

2 weeks

action of Fenoldopam in the management of AKI

renal vasodilation'; selective dopamine agonist

Decreased GFR in patients with DM nephropathy is due to

decrease in filtration sruface from mesangial expansion

optimal renoprotective dose of Losartan in DM nephropathy

100 mg/day

most appropriate treatment modality for asymptomatic bacteriuria in elderly patients without renal or urologic abnormalities

no treatment needed

The rate of decrease in creatinine clearance in elderly patients is

0.8 ml/min/1.73 m2

Hyponatremia in the elderly is due to

enhanced osmotic AVP release.

Restriction of potassium intake should start when the estimated GFR is below

30 ml/min

vitamin is contraindicated in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Vitamin E

confirmatory test for the diagnosis of Acute Interstitial Nephritis

Hansel staining for eosinophils in the urine

complication of chronic analgesic abuse

renal papillary necrosis

Down-regulation of the Aquaporin 2 channels in the collecting tubules due to Lithium Toxicity leads to

Nephrogenic DI

nephritogenic type of Group A Streptococci lead to nephritis after either a pharyngitis or pyoderma

M type 49

the presence of adventitial and periadventitial fibrosis would be consistent with

radiation nephritis

Renal medullary carcinoma associated with

sickle cell disease

the most common cause of renal failure in patients with sickle cell disease

FSGS

drug would directly damage the endothelium causing renal artery thrombosis

cocaine

most common type of renal artery aneurysm, arising at bifurcation of renal artery

saccular renal artery aneurysm

most common virus causing hemorrhagic cystitis in schoolchildren

adenovirus

seen in malakoplakia and not in xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

Michaelis Gutmann bodies

Michaelis Guttman bodies are found in

Macrophages

uremic toxin that inhibits nitric oxide

methylated arginines

Vitamin D2 and D3 bind to vitamin D-binding protein and circulate to the liver where it is hydroxylated to:

25(OH)2D

inhibits extraskeletal calcification

MGP

induces vascular calcification

BMP2

most frequent cause of inadequate response to recombinant human erythropoietin administration is

iron deficiency

Erythropoietin exerts its greatest influence on which of the erythrocyte progenitor.

CFU-E

Maximal fluid removal occurs during the first 8 to10 minutes of a PD dwell. This is due mostly to:

ultrapores

major site of resistance to peritoneal transport is provided by the:

peritoneal endothelium and basement membrane

contribution of a capillary to peritoneal transport depends on its proximity to the mesothelium.

distributive model for peritoneal transport

Hypervascular peritoneal membrane

Type 1 UF

. Excess lymphatic absorption

Type 3 UF

Reduced peritoneal surface area

Type 2 UF

The most common type of bone disease found in PD patients is:

Adynamic bone disease

Clearance of small molecular weight substances in HD

blood flow

Clearance of small molecular weight substances in HD

membrane permeability

dialyzer property determines the permeability of the membrane to high-molecular-weight substances and the degree of biocompatibility.

hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of the membrane

agent associated with hemolysis and Heinz-body hemolytic anemia.

choramines

The anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab may be associated with acute rejection at a time corresponding to the repopulation of his T cell repertoire at what time period

6 months

anti-IL2R monoclonal antibody is targeted therapy against

activated cells

immunosuppression is recommended because it reduces the risk for reactivation of HCV

cyclosporine