Rapid Review: Key Associations Flashcards by Arthi Kumaravel

Actinic (solar) keratosis

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

Cushing’s ulcer (increased ICP stimulated vagal gastric secretion)

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Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

Curling’s ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing off of gastric mucosa)

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Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

Skip lesions (Crohn’s disease)

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Aneurysm, dissecting

Hypertension

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Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta

Atherosclerosis

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Aortic aneurysm, arch

Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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Aortic aneurysm, ascending

Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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Atrophy of the mammillary bodies

Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia and confusion)

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Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)

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Bacteria associated with gastritis, PUD, stomach cancer

H. pylori

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Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

Strep pneumo

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Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

Group B strep (newborns), S. pneumo/neisseria meningitidis (kids)

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Benign melanocytic nevus

Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)

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Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand’s factor)

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Brain tumor (adults)

Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma

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Brain tumor (kids)

Intratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)

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Breast cancer

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the US, 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer)

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Breast mass

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

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Breast tumor (benign)

Fibroadenoma

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Cardiac primary tumor (kids)

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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Cardiac manifestation of lupus

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

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Cardiac tumor (adults)

Metastasis, primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; ball and valve)

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Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)

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Chronic arrhythmia

Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

DES exposure in utero

Compression fracture

Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

21-hydroxylase deficiency

Congenital cardiac anomaly

VSD

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

Constrictive pericarditis

Tuberculosis (developing world); systemic lupus erythematosus (developed world)

Coronary artery involved in thromosis

LAD > RCA > LCA

Cretinism

Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism

Cushing's syndrome

- Iatrogenic Cushing's (from corticosteroid therapy) - Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol) - ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma - Paraneoplastic Cushing's (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)

Cyanosis (early; less common)

Tetraology of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

Cyanosis (late; more common)

VSD, ASD, PDA

Death in CML

Blast crisis

Death in SLE

Lupus nephropathy

Dementia

Alzheimer's disease, multiple infarcts

DIC

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery

Dietary deficit

Iron

Diverticulum in pharynx

Zenker's diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

Ejection click

Aortic/pulmonic stenosis

Esophageal cancer

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

S. aureus, B. cereus

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)

Gynecologic malignancy

Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US), cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

Heart murmur, congenital

Mitral valve prolapse

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

Helminth infection (US)

Enterobuis vermicularis, ascaris lumbricoides

Hematoma-epidural

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

Hematoma-subdural

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

Hemochromatosis

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes" and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Cirrhotic liver (associated with hep B and C and with alcoholism)

Hereditary bleeding disorder

von Willebrand's disease

Hereditary harmless jaundice

Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

HLA-B27

Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis

HLA-DR3 or DR4

Diabetes mellitus type I, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE

Holosystolic murmur

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurg

Hypercoaguability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

Virchow's triad (results in venous thrombosis)

Hypertension, secondary

Renal disease

Hypoparathyroidism

accidental excision during thyroidectomy

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

Hep C

Hypopituitarism

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)

Kidney stones

- Calcium: radiopaque - Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staph) - uric acid = radiolucent

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

Eisemenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

Liver disease

Alcoholic cirrhosis

Lysosomal storage disease

Gaucher's disease

Male cancer

Prostatic carcinoma

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Malignancy (kids)

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

Mental retardation

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

Metastases to bone

Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, testes

Metastases to brain

Lung > breast > GU > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI

Metastases to liver

Colon >> stomach , pancreas

Mitochondrial inheritance

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

Mitral valve stenosis

Rheumatic heart disease

Mixed (UMN, LMN) motor neuron disease

ALS

Myocarditis

Coxsackie B

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

Minimal change disease

Neuron migration failure

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

Nosocomial pneumonia

Klebsiella, E coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Obstruction of male urinary tract

BPH

Opening snap

mitral stenosis

Opportunisitc infection in AIDs

PCP

Osteomyelitis

S. aureus

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

Salmonella

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

Pseudomonas, S. aureus

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

Serous cystadenoma

Pancreatitis (acute)

Gallstones, alcohol

Pancreatitis (chronic)

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

ALL: child, CLL: adult >60, AML: adult around 65 years, CML: adult 30-60

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Philadelphia chromosome t(9:22)

CML

Pituitary tumor

Prolactinoma, somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma

Primary amenorrhea

Turner syndrome (45XO)

Primary bone tumor (adults)

Multiple Myeloma

Primary hyperaldosteronism

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

Primary hyperparathyroidism

Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

Primary liver cancer

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency)

Pulmonary hypertension

COPD

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

Buerger's disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

Renal tumor

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)

Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

Cor pulmonale

S3 (protodiastolic gallop)

Increased ventricular filling (left to right shunt, mitral regurg, LV failure [CHF])

S4 (presystolic gallop)

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

Sexually transmitted disease

Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)

SIADH

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

Site of diverticular

Sigmoid colon

Sites of atherosclerosis

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

Stomach cancer

Adenocarcinoma

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

t(14:18)

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

t(8:14)

Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)

t(9:22)

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)

Temporal arteritis

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of opthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

Testicular tumor

Seminoma

Thyroid cancer

Papillary carcinoma

Tumor in women

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

Tumor of infancy

hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

Type of Hodgkin's

Nodular sclerosis (vs mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

Type of non-Hodgkin's

Diffuse large cell

UTI

E coli, Staph saprophyticus (young women)

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

HSV-1

Vitamin deficiency (US)

Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-to-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

Rapid Review: Key Associations Flashcards

(132 cards)