Reasoning 1

Question 1

What is a heuristic?

Answer 1

A mental shortcut

Allows us to make decisions

Question 2

Why are we ‘forced’ to rely upon mental shortcuts (heuristics)

Answer 2

Make sense of a complex world

Question 3

We use heuristics because cognitive limitations simply would not allow us to…

Answer 3

Make rational/sound choices all the time

Question 4

What are four reasons why we use heuristics to help us make decisions?

Answer 4

1) Effort reduction
2) Attribute substitution
3) Fast/usually correct
4) Consistently associated with good results

Question 5

How can heuristics lead to stereotypes and prejudice?

Answer 5

We tend to oversimplify

Overlook vital info

Question 6

Why will heuristics sometimes produce errors?

Answer 6

Not designed to be accurate/reliable in every situation

Question 7

Can heuristics lead to stereotyping and bias?

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

The difference between biases and mistakes are that mistakes are one-off, systematic errors, but biases are……

Answer 8

Making the wrong choice, for a reason

Question 9

______ may be made because we are a) using a strategy optimised for a different environment b) using a different cost/benefit analysis

Answer 9

Systematic errors

Question 10

Prospect theory assumes that…

Answer 10

Losses and gains are valued differently

Question 11

Losses and gains are valued differently.

Which theory is this?^

Answer 11

Prospect Theory

Question 12

According to Prospect Theory, do people make decisions based on perceived gains or perceived losses?

Answer 12

Perceived gains

Question 13

Prospect Theory -

If two choices are put towards an individual, both equal, with one presented in terms of potential gains and the other in terms of losses, which one will be selected?

Answer 13

The gains option

Question 14

Prospect Theory

Are low probabilities underweighted or overweighted?

Answer 14

Overweighted

Question 15

Prospect Theory

Are high probabilities underweighted or overweighted?

Answer 15

Underweighted

Question 16

Prospect Theory

People often prefer to gamble to _______

Answer 16

Avoid losses

Question 17

What is anchoring?

Answer 17

Tendency to be biased towards starting value (the anchor)

Question 18

A jury of individuals asked to consider a harsh verdict were harsher in their final decision than a jury of individuals asked to consider a lenient verdict

What heuristic is this an example of?

Answer 18

Anchoring

Question 19

What is anchoring and adjustment? (Focus on adjustment)

Answer 19

Begin with anchor

Adjust accordingly

Question 20

What is the representativeness heuristic?

Answer 20

Allocate set of attributes to someone if they match the prototype of that category

Question 21

In a hospital, you look for someone wearing a white coat and stethoscope, as you believe this signifies ‘doctor’.

Which heuristic is this?

Answer 21

Representativeness

Question 22

What (negative) can the representativeness heuristic lead to?

Answer 22

Stereotyping

Discrimination

Question 23

What is the base rate fallacy?

Answer 23

Ignore statistical info in favour of representativeness info

Question 24

Which fallacy is the representativeness heuristic prone to error because of?

Answer 24

Base rate fallacy

Question 25

Bias can be driven by memory _____

Answer 25

errors

Question 26

What is the availability heuristic?

Answer 26

Judging a situation based on its familiarity (similar situations that spring to mind)

Question 27

What does the availability heuristic lead to individuals doing?

Answer 27

Extrapolating a different situation onto their own

Question 28

You are on a plane, and feeling quite uneasy at the idea of the plane crashing. Your mind immediately springs to a headline you saw in the newspaper of a plane crash, which serves to fuel your anxiety. What heuristic is this example of?

Answer 28

Availability heuristic

Question 29

According to the availability heuristic, the examples that spring more easily to mind will be judged as...

Answer 29

More frequently occurring therefore more likely to happen

Question 30

What is the recognition heuristic?

Answer 30

People infer that the recognised object//place/person has higher value

Question 31

You want to travel to whichever city has the best nightlife. You have heard of Leeds, but you haven't heard of Bristol. You therefore infer that Leeds must have the best nightlife. What heuristic is this an example of?

Answer 31

Recognition heuristic

Question 32

Which heuristic has been described as ecologically rational?

Answer 32

Recognition heuristic

Question 33

Are we loss averse or risk averse?

Answer 33

Loss averse

Question 34

What strategy do we use living in an uncertain world where we want to make quick decisions?

Answer 34

Heuristics

Question 35

Why aren't 'perfect decisions always possible?' (I, L)

Answer 35

Imperfect information | Limited resources

Question 36

Why aren't heuristics designed to be accurate/reliable for every situation?

Answer 36

Heuristics have broad applications

Question 37

What 3 heuristics are referred to in Kahnem and Tversky's paper?

Answer 37

Representativeness Availability Adjustment/anchoring

Question 38

Kahnem and Tversky say representativeness, availability and adjustment/anchoring lead to....

Answer 38

A variety of biases

Question 39

Words starting with K are judged as more frequent than words with K as the third letter. This is an example of ^

Answer 39

Availability heuristic

Question 40

We evaluate things by how typical they seem, e.g. tossing a coin (heads) Which heuristic is this

Answer 40

Representativeness heuristic

Question 41

What is the conjunction fallacy?

Answer 41

It is assumed multiple specific conditions are more probable than a single one e.g. Linda must be a feminist and bank teller

Question 42

You are asked how many sweets there are in a jar at a fair. You see someone else has guessed 400, so you guess 420. What is this an example of?

Answer 42

Anchoring and adjustment

Question 43

Prospect Theory When faced with a choice, a rational decision maker will prefer...

Answer 43

Prospect with highest expected utility

Question 44

Prospect Theory The value function is commonly ' ' Shaped

Answer 44

S

Question 45

What is meant by expected utility

Answer 45

Value of an outcome X probability

Question 46

What is meant by heuristics exploiting environmental structure?

Answer 46

If someone is consistently associated with a good option, use it as a shortcut

Question 47

Biases are making the wrong choice, but

Answer 47

For a reason

Question 48

Heuristic errors reveal normal mechanisms of ________

Answer 48

Reasoning

Question 49

Someone might make a systematic error because they are a) Using strategy optimised for diff environment b) Considering different choices C)....

Answer 49

Using a different cost/benefit analysis

Question 50

a) Using a strategy for diff environment b) Considering diff choices c) Using a diff cost/benefit analysis These are all reasons why someone might

Answer 50

Make a systematic error

Question 51

A heuristic is _____, whereas rational thinking is _____ (speed)

Answer 51

Quick | Slow

Question 52

Heuristics are automatic T/F

Answer 52

True

Question 53

Rational thinking is automatic T/F

Answer 53

False

Question 54

Rational thinking requires effort T/F

Answer 54

True

Question 55

Heuristics require effort T/F

Answer 55

False

Question 56

Heuristics are unconscious T/F

Answer 56

True

Question 57

Heuristics and rational thinking in relation to dual process theory...

Answer 57

Two processes Can switch between modes in right circumstances