Red Cell Membrane And The Abnormalities

Question 1

Wha tmakes the lipid bilayer asymmetric ?

Answer 1

The carbohydrate facing outside

Question 2

The lipid bilayer stucture in case of polarity called …

Answer 2

Amphipathic

Question 3

The lipid consist of three main things mention

Answer 3

1- glycirolipid
2- sphingolipid
3- cholesterol

Question 4

Glycerolipid consist of ?

Answer 4

1- glycerol

2- lipid

Question 5

What is the importance of the cholestrol in the plasma membrane ?

Answer 5

Regulates the fluidity of thee plaasma membrane

Question 6

What type of bond bonded the lipid bilayer ?

Answer 6

Weak non-covelant bond

[it coldent be ionic , maybe H bond]

Question 7

Where can u find phosphoidyhlserine ?

Answer 7

Inside the healthy cell

Question 8

What happened if the cell got damaged ?

Answer 8

The cell gonna expressed the phosphoidyhlserine OUTSIDE triggering apoptosis

Question 9

Now mention the enzymes that :

Answer 9

1
2
3
Start

Question 10

….. moves the phosphoidyhlserine from outside to inside in healthy states

Answer 10

Flippase

Question 11

…. and ,,, move the phosphoidyhlserine from on to out in non-so-healthy state

Answer 11

• floppies

- scrambles

Question 12

Mention the properities of the lipid rafts ???????

Answer 12

1- lower fluidity
2- cholestirol and sphingomyeline
3- non-covalent bond
4- covalents lipids and protien

Question 13

/…… add a mechanichal strength to the RBCs

Answer 13

Cytoskeleton

Question 14

Cytoskeleton bonded non covelently with …

Answer 14

Integral protien

Question 15

Dimer of … is the main protien in the cytoskeleton.

Answer 15

Spectrin

Question 16

Which channel got an important part in the chloride biocarbonate channel

Answer 16

AE-1

Question 17

Which channels has an importanat role in glucose influx inside the cells ?

Answer 17

GLUT 4

Question 18

Wht is the heredetry spherocytosis ???

Answer 18

The rbcs sytoskeleton is defected which makes the rbcs weak/fragil —-> damage of the RBCs

Question 19

What is defective in heredetry spherocytosis??????

Answer 19

in membrane cytoskeleton

Question 20

heredetry spherocytosis caused by mutattion in …. gene

Answer 20

Specrtin

Question 21

….. is least affected / NOT AFFECTED in heredetry spherocytosis???????

Answer 21

GLUT 1

Question 22

Name the diognostic method in heredetry spherocytosis??

Answer 22

Osmotic fragtility cells

Question 23

How can we damage the lipid bilayer ????

Answer 23

Detergents

Question 24

How can the Detergention damaging the lipid by layer

Answer 24

Solubilize the lipid bilayer

Question 25

Snake venom ???? What properties has | What is called ??

Answer 25

1- Snake venomes has detergents ——> membrane lipid soublizing ——> leading to membrane damage 2-Phospholipase A2

Question 26

Remove the lipids from the membrane, which is the propretes ????

Answer 26

Detergents

Question 27

Requirement for flexibility

Answer 27

* Deformation | * Volume changes

Question 28

carbohydrates are...... linked to proteins or lipids

Answer 28

covalently

Question 29

Amphipathic molecules are

Answer 29

Glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, | cholesterol

Question 30

Bilayer is flexible and stable because of

Answer 30

many weak non-covalent interactions

Question 31

What maintains fluidity

Answer 31

1- Unsaturation of acyl chains | 2-cholesterol maintains fluidity

Question 32

More unsaturation → more fluidity

Answer 32

T

Question 33

Why Unsaturation of acyl chains maintains fluidity

Answer 33

The unsaturation add a bend to the chain so they do not pack tightly

Question 34

In Cholesterol .... stops the chain getting too flexible

Answer 34

rigid core structure

Question 35

...induced inhibition of | flippase and activation of scramblase stimulates cell shape changes and vesiculation

Answer 35

Calcium

Question 36

What happened if thescramblase get activated ?

Answer 36

Flippase and flippose will be in a futile cycle and they would not maintain the asymmetry

Question 37

What may reduce flippase activity

Answer 37

Poisoning by toxins that modify thiol groups (e.g. heavy metals such as lead) or extended blood storage

Question 38

Rafts involved in .... transduction

Answer 38

in G-protein signal transduction

Question 39

if disruption of raftsWhat happened

Answer 39

disruption of rafts stops cAMP production from specialized purine receptor stimulation

Question 40

In erythrocytes,.... may associate with rafts

Answer 40

gangliosides

Question 41

Exterior of plasma membrane protected by extensive layer of

Answer 41

carbohydrate

Question 42

.... provide a Protection of exterior of erythrocyte

Answer 42

Glycocalyx[layer of | carbohydrate]

Question 43

How can spectrin protien form a network

Answer 43

The dimers are linked together by junction complexes

Question 44

What are junction complexes ????

Answer 44

Made of - actin - tropomyosin

Question 45

How can the Cytoskeletonth non covalent bond with integral membrane protien considered helpful ???

Answer 45

* restricts mobility of integral membrane proteins | * adds mechanical strength and stability to membrane

Question 46

What are the main Composition in Cytoskeleton

Answer 46

* Meshwork of spectrin dimers * junctional complexes * Anchored to AE1 protein and to glycophorin C/D

Question 47

What is the importance of ANKYRIN ?

Answer 47

Anchors the cytoskeleton

Question 48

What are Etiology Hereditary Spherocytosis

Answer 48

1- deficiency or abnormality of one or more red cell proteins——-> Accelerated red cell destruction 2- Defect——-> release of membrane lipids, decrease in red cell surface area, and formation of swollen and poorly deformable spherocytes

Question 49

mutations in what preotiens could cause Hereditary Spherocytosis

Answer 49

◼ Ankyrin, chain of spectrin | ◼ AE1 (Band 3), Band 4.2, chain of spectrin

Question 50

What is the most common cause of Hereditary eliptocytosis Hereditary eliptocytosis

Answer 50

mutation in spectrin that causes weakened protein-protein associations

Question 51

Which enzyme can made the following : | phospholipid → lysophospholipid + fatty acid

Answer 51

phospholipase A2 in snake venome