Refined Exam 2 Flashcards
What type of linkages are formed within starch and glycogen macromolecules
Alpha Linkages (1,4 or 1,6)
Which protein is the largest component by weight, many roles such as membrane proteins
Glycoproteins
Which is mostly carbohydrate, act as lubricant, protein attached to the carbohydrate by N-acetylgalactoasmine
Mucins/Mucoproteins
Which is mostly carbohydrate, act as lubricants for the extracellular matrix, protein attached to a glycoasminoglycan
Proteolglycans
The bending of unsaturated fatty acids chains changes the fluidity how
It creates more fluidity because it is less tightly packed
Non-Mediated Transport Vs Facilitated Passive Transport
Non-Mediated Transport: simple diffusion across a membrane without need for a channel. It is more rapid for solutes that are hydrophobic and slower for hydrophilic solutes
Facilitated Passive Transport: Diffusion of solutes accelerated by a transporter protein, or channel. They travel through pores, channel, and carrier, and do not require the input of energy as diffusion follows the concentration gradient
5 Steps of the Signal Transduction Pathways
- Release of primary messenger
- Reception of the primary messenger
- Generation of an intracellular 2nd messenger
- Activation of effector results in a physiological response
- Termination of the signal cascade
RRGAT
Rex Ryan Giant Ass Teeth
G-protein coupled receptors are an example of what kind of receptor
7TM Receptor
What is the function of Adenylyl Cyclase
To bind to G (alpha) and become phosphorylated so that it can phosphorylate other proteins in a secondary signaling pathway
What is an example of a dimeric receptor that recruits kinases
HGH Receptor
What is an example of a dimeric receptor that is a kinase
EGF, Insulin
What is the Intinsic active site of G(alpha) that allows for the signaling pathway to reset itself? What does it do?
GTPase. It hydrolyzes GTP into GDP and Pi so that GDP can be replaced by GTP when the ligand binds to the G-Protein coupled receptor again.
The steps for G-Protein Coupled Receptor Signaling
- Epinephrine binds to a beta-adrenergic receptor
- Epinephrine causes a conformational change in 7TM, then in the G-Protein
- In the G-Protein, the beta and gamma subunits fall off, GDP leaves and GTP comes in and binds to adenylate cyclase embedded in the membrane
- When adenylate cyclase is activated by the G-Protein carrying the GTP in the alpha subunit, it produces the secondary messenger, cAMP
- cAMP activates the kinase that can transfer a phosphate group to another substrate
- G spontaneously resets via an intrinsic GTPase active site that converts GTP to GDP + Pi. G dissociates from adenylate cyclase and rebinds to beta and gamma subunits.
Binds, Conformational change, beta and gamma subunits fall off, adenylate cyclase activated producing cAMP, cAMP activates kinase transfer of phosphate, G spontaneously resets ready for rebinding
Describe the mechanism of Dimeric Receptors that recruit kinases
Primary messenger that binds to extracellular portion of receptor
Then two alpha helices tightly associate and form an activated dimer
Describe the mechanism of Dimeric Receptors that are kinases
EGF Pathway/Insulin
EGF binds to extracellular part of dimer and dimeric action occurs at the two kinase monomers
Phosphorylation of Tyr binding site is catalyzed by GrB-2 domain
Conformational change in SoS, bound to GrB-2
RAS protein carrying GDP becomes active when GDP is replaced by GTP by intrinsic GTPase activity. One active it is released from SoS and can initiate various cellular activities
Ras Proteins are members of small G-Protein Family
